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Persecution Of Jews During The Black Death
The persecution of Jews during the Black Death consisted of a series of violent mass attacks and massacres. Jewish communities were often blamed for outbreaks of the Black Death in Europe. From 1348-1351, acts of violence were committed in Toulon, Barcelona, Erfurt, Basel, Frankfurt, Strasbourg and elsewhere. The persecutions led to a large migration of Jews to Jagiellonian Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There are very few Jewish sources on Jewish massacres during the Plague. Background The official policy of the Church, which was reasoned in part because Jesus was Jewish, was to protect Jews. In practice, however, Jews were frequently the targets of Christian loathing. As the plague swept across Europe in the mid-14th century and annihilated nearly half the population, people had little scientific understanding of disease and were looking for an explanation. Unlike in Western Europe, medieval Russia did not have a Jewish population, and so as the Black Death swept ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
False Accusation
A false accusation is a claim or allegation of wrongdoing that is untrue and/or otherwise unsupported by facts. False accusations are also known as groundless accusations, unfounded accusations, false allegations, false claims or unsubstantiated allegations. They can occur in any of the following contexts: * Informally in everyday life * Quasi-judicially * Judicially Types When there is insufficient supporting evidence to determine whether it is true or false, an accusation is described as "unsubstantiated" or "unfounded". Accusations that are determined to be false based on corroborating evidence can be divided into three categories: * A completely false allegation, in that the alleged events did not occur. * An allegation that describes events that did occur, but were perpetrated by an individual who is not accused, and in which the accused person is innocent. * An allegation that is false, in that it mixes descriptions of events that actually happened with other events that did ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zürich
Zurich (; ) is the list of cities in Switzerland, largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is in north-central Switzerland, at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich. , the municipality had 448,664 inhabitants. The Urban agglomeration, urban area was home to 1.45 million people (2020), while the Zurich Metropolitan Area, Zurich metropolitan area had a total population of 2.1 million (2020). Zurich is a hub for railways, roads, and air traffic. Both Zurich Airport and Zürich Hauptbahnhof, Zurich's main railway station are the largest and busiest in the country. Permanently settled for over 2,000 years, Zurich was founded by the Roman Empire, Romans, who called it '. However, early settlements have been found dating back more than 6,400 years (although this only indicates human presence in the area and not the presence of a town that early). During the Middle Ages, Zurich gained the independent and privileged status of imperial immediacy and, in 1519 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kyburg (castle)
Kyburg Castle () is a List of castles and fortresses in Switzerland, castle in Switzerland, overlooking the Töss (river), Töss river about 3 km south-east of Winterthur, in Kyburg, Zurich, Kyburg municipality, canton of Zürich. It is a Swiss Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance, heritage site of national significance. History The first fortification at this site was likely built in the second half of the 10th century by the counts of Winterthur. It is first mentioned in 1027 under the name of ''Chuigeburg'' ("cows-Borough#Etymology, fort"), which name points to an original use as a refuge castle for livestock. The modern spelling ''Kyburg'' first occurs in the 1230s (other spellings of the 11th to 13th century include ''Chiuburch, Cogiburk, Kuiburc, Chuͦweburg, Chyburc, Qwiburg, Kiburc, Chiburg, Kibor, Kyburc, Kiburg''). The early castle was destroyed in 1028 or 1030 by emperor Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, Conrad II. It was rebui ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Winterthur Massacre
The Kyburg massacre was an anti-Semitism, anti-Semitic episode in Kyburg, Zurich, Kyburg near Winterthur, present-day Switzerland, which occurred in 1349. The Jews sought refuge in the Kyburg (castle), castle of Kyburg from the surrounding cities of Winterthur and Diessenhofen, as well as from all towns under the hegemony of the Duke of Austria. They had probably started to gather there in November 1348, when the first Black Death persecutions started. Probably pressured by the other Holy Roman Empire, Imperial cities, Albert II, Duke of Austria eventually ordered the Jews to be put to death by burning. On 18 September 1349, 330 Jews were burned in the fortress. The Kyburg massacre was one of the deadliest massacres of Jews in Swiss areas. Background Following the start of the Black Death persecutions, many Jews of Switzerland sought refuge at the Kyburg castle, where they probably started to gather since November 1348. They came from the surrounding cities of Diessenhofen and Wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
L'Histoire
''L'Histoire'' is a monthly mainstream French magazine dedicated to historical studies, recognized by peers as the most important historical popular magazine (as opposed to specific university journals or less scientific popular historical magazines). ''L'Histoire'' was founded by Michel Winock. Jean-Noël Jeanneney, president of the National Library of France since 2002, and Jean-Michel Gaillard are part of the editorial board. Many historian A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human species; as well as the ...s who write for ''L'Histoire'' also teach at the Paris Institute of Political Studies, better known as ''Sciences Po''. External links ''L'Histoire'' website [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Strasbourg Massacre
The Strasbourg massacre occurred on 14 February 1349, when the entire Jewish community of several thousand Jews were publicly burnt to death as part of the Black Death persecutions. Starting in the spring of 1348, pogroms against Jews had occurred in European cities, starting in Toulon. By November of that year they spread via Savoy to German-speaking territories. In January 1349, burnings of Jews took place in Basel and Freiburg, and on 14 February the Jewish community in Strasbourg was destroyed. This event was heavily linked to a revolt by the guilds five days previously, the consequences of which were the displacement of the master tradesmen, a reduction of the power of the patrician bourgeoisie, who had until then been ruling almost exclusively, and an increase in the power of the groups that were involved in the revolt. The aristocratic families of Zorn and Müllenheim, which had been displaced from the council and their offices in 1332, recovered most of their power. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
County Of Flanders
The County of Flanders was one of the most powerful political entities in the medieval Low Countries, located on the North Sea coast of modern-day Belgium and north-eastern France. Unlike the neighbouring states of Duchy of Brabant, Brabant and County of Hainaut, Hainaut, it was within the territory of the France in the Middle Ages, Kingdom of France. The counts of Flanders held the most northerly part of the kingdom, and were among the original twelve Peerage of France#Under the Monarchy: feudal period and Ancien Régime, peers of France. For centuries, the economic activity of the Flemish cities, such as Ghent, Bruges and Ypres, made Flanders one of the most affluent regions in Europe, and also gave them strong international connections to trading partners. Up to 1477, the core area under French suzerainty was west of the Scheldt and historians call this "Royal Flanders" (Dutch: ''Kroon-Vlaanderen'', French: ''Flandre royale''). Aside from this, the counts, from the 11th centu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Aragon
The Kingdom of Aragon (; ; ; ) was a medieval and early modern Monarchy, kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Aragon, in Spain. It became a part of the larger Crown of Aragon, which also included other territories—the Principality of Catalonia (which included the former Catalan Counties), the Kingdom of Valencia, the Kingdom of Majorca, and other possessions that are now part of France, Italy, and Greece—that were also under the rule of the King of Aragon, but were administered separately from the Kingdom of Aragon. In 1479, upon John II of Aragon and Navarre, John II of Aragon's death, the crowns of Aragon and Castile were united to form the nucleus of modern Spain. The Aragonese lands retained autonomous parliamentary and administrative institutions, such as the Aragonese Corts, Corts. The arrangement remained until the Nueva Planta decrees, promulgated between 1707 and 1715 by Philip V o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zürich Massacre
The Zurich massacre was an antisemitic episode in Zurich, Switzerland, which occurred in 1349. The incident was caused by antisemitism in the city due to the alleged murder of the son of a Zurich man, and fueled by the subsequent accusations of well poisoning. This event took place in the frame of the widespread persecution of Jews during the Black Death, in which the Jews were accused of spreading the bubonic plague (known as Black Death). Background The persecution of the Jews in Zurich seems to be connected with the disappearance of a young boy. The son of Zurich man ''Zur Wyden'' from a family of shoemakers, about four years old, was murdered, and the Jews were accused of the murder. He was buried by his murderers in the ''Wolfbach'' brook. A boy named Walther von Wyl treading the water on stilts found the dead body some time later. The Jews supposedly killed him with nails, as he was "pushed ammeredto death" (). They had taken his blood and then had buried him in the stream. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erfurt Massacre (1349)
The Erfurt massacre was a massacre of the Jewish community in Erfurt, Germany, on 21-22 March 1349. Accounts of the number of Jews killed in the massacre vary widely from between 100 and up to 3000. Any Jewish survivors were expelled from the city. Some Jews set fire to their homes and possessions and perished in the flames before they could be lynched. The many Black Death persecutions and massacres that occurred in France and Germany at that time were sometimes in response to accusations that the Jews were responsible for outbreaks of the Black Death, and other times justified with the belief that killing the local Jews would prevent the spread of the Black Death to that locale. Although these beliefs, and the accompanying massacres, were frequently encouraged by local bishops or itinerant Flagellants, the Catholic Church, including Pope Clement VI under whom the Flagellants and the Black Death began, and his successor, Innocent VI, were firmly against it. In a papal bull cond ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
