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Permian Tetrapods
Permian tetrapods were amphibians and reptiles that lived during the Permian Period. During this time, amphibians remained common, including various Temnospondyli and Lepospondyli. Synapsids became the dominant type of animal, represented by the Pelycosaurs during the Early Permian and Therapsids during the Middle and Late Permian, and distinguished by the appearance and possession of mammal-like characteristics (hence the old term "mammal-like reptiles"). These were accompanied by Anapsids or Parareptiles, which included both lizard-like and large herbivorous forms, and primitive diapsids. Classification The following list of families of Permian tetrapods is based mostly on Benton ed. 1993. The classification followBenton 2004 Superclass Tetrapoda * Class Amphibia :::* Order Temnospondyli :::::* Family Edopidae :::::* Family Cochleosauridae :::::* Family Trimerorhachidae :::::* Family Dvinosauridae :::::* Family Saurerpetontidae :::::* Family Brachyopidae :::::* F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Permian
The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years, from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.902 Mya. It is the sixth and last period of the Paleozoic Era; the following Triassic Period belongs to the Mesozoic Era. The concept of the Permian was introduced in 1841 by geologist Sir Roderick Murchison, who named it after the Perm Governorate, region of Perm in Russia. The Permian witnessed the diversification of the two groups of amniotes, the synapsids and the Sauropsida, sauropsids (reptiles). The world at the time was dominated by the supercontinent Pangaea, which had formed due to the collision of Euramerica and Gondwana during the Carboniferous. Pangaea was surrounded by the superocean Panthalassa. The Carboniferous rainforest collapse left behind vast regions of desert within the continental interior. Amniotes, which could better cope with these ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trimerorhachidae
Trimerorhachidae is a family of dvinosaurian temnospondyls, including ''Lafonius'', ''Trimerorhachis'', ''Procuhy'' and ''Neldasaurus''. They were semiaquatic carnivores that lived from the Pennsylvanian (geology), Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian. Gallery Trimerorhachis insignis life restoration.jpg, ''Trimerorhachis, Trimerorhachis insignis'', of the early Permian of Texas Neldasaurus wrightae.jpg, ''Neldasaurus, Neldasaurus wrightae'', of the early Permian of Texas Procuhy nazariensis (cropped).jpg, ''Procuhy, Procuhy nazariensis'', of the early Permian of Brazil References Dvinosauria Temnospondyl families Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope {{Temnospondyli-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trematopidae
Trematopidae is a family of dissorophoid temnospondyls spanning the late Carboniferous to the early Permian. Together with Dissorophidae, the family forms Olsoniformes, a clade comprising the medium-large terrestrial dissorophoids. Trematopids are known from numerous localities in North America, primarily in New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas, and from the Bromacker quarry in Germany. History of study The clade Trematopidae was first proposed by American paleontologist S.W. Williston in 1910, although it was named as "Trematopsidae" following the historical (but inaccurate) derivation from the genus "''Trematops''" (now synonymized with ''Acheloma''). British paleontologist D.M.S. Watson proposed a related clade in 1919, Achelomidae, for ''Acheloma'', based on perceived differences separating the taxa; this is now considered a junior synonym of Trematopidae following guidelines of historical precedent. 19th century history In 1882, American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peltobatrachidae
''Peltobatrachus'' (from Greek ''pelte'', meaning shield and batrakhos, meaning frog) is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibian from the late Permian period of Tanzania. The sole species, ''Peltobatrachus pustulatus'', is also the sole member of the family Peltobatrachidae. Description ''Peltobatrachus'' was a large, slow moving animal, up to in length. To protect itself against predators such as the large gorgonopsid therapsids, it had developed an armadillo Armadillos () are New World placental mammals in the order (biology), order Cingulata. They form part of the superorder Xenarthra, along with the anteaters and sloths. 21 extant species of armadillo have been described, some of which are dis ...-like armored plating covering its body and tail. The armor consisted of broad plates on the shoulders and hips and narrower plates on the rest of the body. References Further reading * {{Taxonbar, from=Q2603367 Stereospondyli Permian temnospondyls Lopin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parioxyidae
''Parioxys'' is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibian from the Early Permian of Texas. History of study The type species, ''Parioxys ferricolus'', was named in 1878 by American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope based on two badly preserved skulls were collected from the early Permian Red Beds of Texas and Oklahoma, Texas red beds. Both skulls were collected in the same year from Mount Barry, a site in the Petrolia Formation (formerly "Belle Plains Formation") of Wichita County, Texas. They are now stored in the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). One of the ''P. ferricolus'' skulls, AMNH 4309, has frequently been conflated with AMNH 4310, a slightly larger ''Eryops'' skull ("''Eryops anatinus''") collected from Wichita County in 1880. The other ''P. ferricolus'' skull is designated AMNH 2445. Over the course of several papers in 1952 and 1955, Egyptian paleontologist Youssef S. Moustafa redescribed Cope's skulls along with new material from additional localities in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eryopidae
Eryopidae were a group of medium to large amphibious temnospondyli, temnospondyls, known from North America and Europe. They are defined as all Eryopoidea, eryopoids with interpterygoid vacuities (spaces in the interpterygoid bone) that are rounded at the front; and large external nares (Laurin and Steyer 2000). Not all of the genera previously included in the Eryopidae (Carroll 1988) are retained under the cladistic revisions. Gallery File:Eryops1DB.jpg, ''Eryops, Eryops megacephalus'', of the late Carboniferous to early Permian of North America File:Onchiodon12DB.jpg, ''Onchiodon'', of the late Carboniferous to early Permian of Europe and North America File:Actinodon frossardi 1DB.jpg, ''Actinodon, Actinodon frossardi'', of the early Permian of France File:Clamorosaurus1DB.jpg, ''Clamorosaurus, Clamorosaurus nocturnis'', of the early Permian of Russia References Further reading * Robert L. Carroll, Carroll, R. L. (1988), ''Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution'', W.H. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zatrachydidae
Zatracheidae (sometimes mistakenly spelled Zatrachydidae or Zatrachysdidae) is a family of Late Carboniferous and Early Permian temnospondyls known from North America and Europe. Zatracheidids are distinguished by lateral (sideways) bony protuberances of the quadratojugal bone of the skull, and a large opening in the snout called the internarial fontanelle (sometimes the internarial fenestra) that is bordered by enlarged premaxillae. The skull is flattened, with small orbits or eye sockets set far back. The opening in the snout may have housed a gland for producing a sticky substance so that prey would adhere to the tongue. If so, this indicates that these animals spent a large part of their time on land. History of study There are three genera of zatracheidids: '' Acanthostomatops'' Kuhn, 1961; '' Dasyceps'' Huxley 1859; and '' Zatrachys'' Cope, 1878. Only ''Dascyeps'' is represented by a species in addition to the type species. The name Zatracheidae was first coined by Cope ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhinesuchidae
Rhinesuchidae is a family (biology), family of Tetrapoda, tetrapods that lived primarily in the Permian period. They belonged to the broad group Temnospondyli, a successful and diverse collection of semiaquatic tetrapods which modern amphibians are probably descended from. Rhinesuchids can be differentiated from other temnospondyls by details of their skulls, most notably the interior structure of their otic notches at the back of the skull. They were among the earliest-diverging members of the Stereospondyli, a subgroup of temnospondyls with flat heads and aquatic habits. Although more advanced stereospondyls evolved to reach worldwide distribution in the Triassic period, rhinesuchids primarily lived in the high-latitude environments of Gondwana (what is now South America and Africa) during the Permian, Guadalupian and Permian, Lopingian epochs of the Permian. The taxonomy (biology), taxonomy of this family has been convoluted, with more than twenty species having been named in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Archegosauridae
Archegosauridae is a family of relatively large and long snouted temnospondyls that lived in the Permian period. They were fully aquatic animals, and were metabolically and physiologically more similar to fish than modern amphibians.Florian Witzmann; Elizabeth Brainerd (2017). "Modeling the physiology of the aquatic temnospondyl Archegosaurus decheni from the early Permian of Germany". Fossil Record. 20 (2): 105–127. doi:10.5194/fr-20-105-2017. The family has been divided into two subfamilies, the longer-snouted Platyoposaurinae and the shorter-snouted Melosaurinae. Gallery Platyoposaurinae File:ArchegosaurusDB3.jpg, '' Archegosaurus decheni'', of the early Permian of Germany File:Prionosuchus BW.jpg, '' Prionosuchus plummeri'', of the early Permian of Brazil File:Platyoposaurus watsoni 1DB.jpg, '' Platyoposaurus watsoni'', of the early to middle Permian of Russia File:Platyoposaurus12DB.jpg, ''Platyoposaurus stuckenbergi'', of the middle Permian of Russia File:Collidosuchus1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intasuchidae
''Intasuchus'' is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibian from the Middle Permian of Russia. It is known from a single species, ''Intasuchus silvicola'', which was named in 1956. ''Intasuchus'' belongs to the family Intasuchidae and is probably its sole member, although other taxa such as ''Syndyodosuchus'' and ''Cheliderpeton'' have been assigned to the family in the past. ''Intasuchus'' most likely belongs to the group Archegosauroidea, Permian relatives of the large, mostly Mesozoic temnospondyl clade Stereospondyli. Description ''Intasuchus'' has a long, flattened skull that narrows slightly toward the front. Prominent ridges run along the skull surface from the eye sockets to the nostril openings. The otic notch at the back of the skull is relatively narrow in comparison to other temnospondyls, although it extends as a groove along the sides of the skull table. ''Intasuchus'' has large teeth on the roof of its mouth, with a large row between two openings of the palate call ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Actinodontidae
Actinodontidae is an extinct family of temnospondyls Temnospondyli (from Greek τέμνειν, ''temnein'' 'to cut' and σπόνδυλος, ''spondylos'' 'vertebra') or temnospondyls is a diverse ancient order of small to giant tetrapods—often considered primitive amphibians—that flourished wo ... that lived during the Permian period. The family is a sister taxon to Archegosauridae, under the superfamily Archegosauroidea.Though air-breathing via lungs, they would have been more physiologically similar to fishes than present amphibians or tetrapods; living primarily in brackish or freshwater environments. References Sources * Permian temnospondyls Permian extinctions Temnospondyl families Stereospondylomorpha {{temnospondyli-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
