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Parastagonospora Nodorum
''Phaeosphaeria nodorum'' (syn. ''Stagonospora nodorum'', synonym and correct taxonomic name: ''Parastagonospora nodorum'') is a major fungal pathogen of wheat (''Triticum aestivum''), causing the disease Septoria nodorum blotch. It is a member of the Dothideomycetes, a large fungal taxon that includes many important plant pathogens affecting all major crop plant families. Disease cycle The infection occurs in repeated cycles of both asexual and sexual infection throughout the growing season. New rounds of infection are initiated by rain-splash or wind dispersal of spores. Infection begins when spores land on leaf tissue. The spores rapidly germinate to produce long, branching threadlike structures, called hyphae. The hyphae invade the leaf, using specialised branches to gain entry to the outermost layer of cells on the leaves. They can also grow directly through pores in the leaves. The hyphae rapidly colonize the leaves and begin to produce asexual fruiting bodies. Manageme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Necrosis
Necrosis () is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis. The term "necrosis" came about in the mid-19th century and is commonly attributed to German pathologist Rudolf Virchow, who is often regarded as one of the founders of modern pathology. Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, or trauma which result in the unregulated digestion of cell components. In contrast, ''apoptosis'' is a naturally occurring programmed and targeted cause of cellular death. While apoptosis often provides beneficial effects to the organism, necrosis is almost always detrimental and can be fatal. Cellular death due to necrosis does not follow the apoptotic signal transduction pathway, but rather various receptors are activated and result in the loss of cell membrane integrity and an uncontrolled release of products of cell death into the extracellular space. This initiates an inflammatory response in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infection
An infection is the invasion of tissue (biology), tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host (biology), host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease, is an Disease#Terminology, illness resulting from an infection. Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens, most prominently pathogenic bacteria, bacteria and viruses. Hosts can fight infections using their immune systems. Mammalian hosts react to infections with an Innate immune system, innate response, often involving inflammation, followed by an Adaptive immune system, adaptive response. Treatment for infections depends on the type of pathogen involved. Common medications include: * Antibiotics for bacterial infections. * Antivirals for viral infections. * Antifungals for fungal infections. * Antiprotozoals for protozoan infections. * Antihelminthics for infections caused by parasi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungi Described In 1845
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one of the kingdom (biology)#Six kingdoms (1998), traditional eukaryotic kingdoms, along with Animalia, Plantae, and either Protista or Protozoa and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of motility, mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungal Plant Pathogens And Diseases
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one of the traditional eukaryotic kingdoms, along with Animalia, Plantae, and either Protista or Protozoa and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''true fungi'' or ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wheat Diseases
The cereal grain wheat is subject to numerous wheat diseases, including bacterial, viral and fungal diseases, as well as parasitic infestations. Principal diseases * Barley yellow dwarf virus, BYDV * Brown rust '' Puccinia recondita'' * Common bunt (aka Covered smut) '' Tilletia caries'' * Ergot '' Claviceps purpurea'' * Eyespot '' Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides'' * Glume blotch '' Septoria nodorum'' * septoria leaf blotch ''Mycosphaerella graminicola'', synonyms: ''Septoria tritici'', ''Zymoseptoria tritici'' * Mildew '' Erysiphe graminis'' * Seedling blight ''Fusarium'' spp., ''Septoria nodorum'' * Sharp eyespot '' Rhizoctonia cerealis'' * Spot blotch '' Biplolaris sorokiana'' * Take-all '' Gaeumannomyces graminis'' * Tan spot '' Pyrenophora tritici-repentis'' * Yellow rust '' Puccinia striiformis'' In Europe Cereals are at risk from numerous diseases due to the level of intensification necessary for profitable production since the 1970s. More recently varieta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phaeosphaeriaceae
The Phaeosphaeriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Pleosporales. Species in the family have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are generally nectrotrophic or saprobic on a wide range of plants. Wijayawardene et al. 2020 produced an update that recognized 82 genera. Genera list As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020; (with amounts of species) *'' Acericola'' (1) *'' Allophaeosphaeria'' (3) *'' Amarenographium'' (4) *'' Amarenomyces'' (2) *''Ampelomyces'' (ca. 5) *'' Aphanostigme'' (21) *'' Arezzomyces'' (1) *'' Banksiophoma'' (1) *'' Bhagirathimyces'' (1) *'' Bhatiellae'' (1) *'' Bricookea'' (1) *'' Brunneomurispora'' (1) *'' Camarosporioides'' (1) *'' Chaetosphaeronema'' (12) *'' Dactylidina'' (2) *'' Dematiopleospora'' (8) *'' Didymocyrtis'' (21) *'' Dlhawksworthia'' (3) *'' Edenia'' (2) *'' Embarria'' (1) *'' Equiseticola'' (1) *'' Eudarluca'' (8) *'' Galiicola'' (3) *'' Hydeomyces'' (2) *'' Hydeopsis'' (1) *''Italica Italica () was an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stagonospora Paludosa
''Stagonospora'' is a genus of fungi clustering in the Phaeosphaeriaceae (Quaedvlieg). Several of the species in this genus are plant pathogen Plant diseases are diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like orga ...s. Taxonomy Previously included species include ''S. curtisii''= '' Peyronellaea curtisii'' (leaf scorch). Bibliography * * Zhang Y, Schoch CL, Fournier J, Crous PW, Gruyter J De, Woudenberg JHC, Hirayama K, Tanaka K, Pointing SB, Hyde KD. 2009. Multi-locus phylogeny of the Pleosporales: a taxonomic, ecological and evolutionary re-evaluation. Studies in Mycology 64: 85–102. * Pleosporales Dothideomycetes genera {{Pleosporales stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calmodulin Kinase
CAMK, also written as CaMK or CCaMK, is an abbreviation for the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase class of enzymes. CAMKs are activated by increases in the concentration of intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) and calmodulin. When activated, the enzymes transfer phosphates from ATP to defined serine or threonine residues in other proteins, so they are serine/threonine-specific protein kinases. Activated CAMK is involved in the phosphorylation of transcription factors and therefore, in the regulation of expression of responding genes. CAMK also works to regulate the cell life cycle (i.e. programmed cell death), rearrangement of the cell's cytoskeletal network, and mechanisms involved in the learning and memory of an organism. Types There are 2 common types of CAM Kinase proteins: specialized and multi-functional CAM kinases. ;Substrate-specific CAM Kinases: only have one target that they can phosphorylate, such as myosin light chain kinases. This group of proteins includes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MAP Kinase
A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MAP kinase) is a type of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array of stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock and proinflammatory cytokines. They regulate cell functions including proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, mitosis, cell survival, and apoptosis. MAP kinases are found in eukaryotes only, but they are fairly diverse and encountered in all animals, fungi and plants, and even in an array of unicellular eukaryotes. MAPKs belong to the CMGC (CDK/MAPK/GSK3/CLK) kinase group. The closest relatives of MAPKs are the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Discovery The first mitogen-activated protein kinase to be discovered was ERK1 (MAPK3) in mammals. Since ERK1 and its close relative ERK2 (MAPK1) are both involved in growth factor signaling, the family was termed "mitogen-activated". With the discovery of other members, even from distant organisms (e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stress Tolerance
Psychological resilience, or mental resilience, is the ability to cope mentally and emotionally with a crisis, or to return to pre-crisis status quickly. The term was popularized in the 1970s and 1980s by psychologist Emmy Werner as she conducted a forty-year-long study of a cohort of Hawaiian children who came from low socioeconomic status backgrounds. Numerous factors influence a person's level of resilience. Internal factors include personal characteristics such as self-esteem, self-regulation, and a positive outlook on life. External factors include social support systems, including relationships with family, friends, and community, as well as access to resources and opportunities. People can leverage psychological interventions and other strategies to enhance their resilience and better cope with adversity. These include cognitive-behavioral techniques, mindfulness practices, building psychosocial factors, fostering positive emotions, and promoting self-compassion. Over ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pathogenicity
In biology, a pathogen (, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of"), in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ. The term ''pathogen'' came into use in the 1880s. Typically, the term ''pathogen'' is used to describe an ''infectious'' microorganism or agent, such as a virus, bacterium, protozoan, prion, viroid, or fungus. Small animals, such as helminths and insects, can also cause or transmit disease. However, these animals are usually referred to as parasites rather than pathogens. The scientific study of microscopic organisms, including microscopic pathogenic organisms, is called microbiology, while parasitology refers to the scientific study of parasites and the organisms that host them. There are several pathways through which pathogens can invade a host. The principal pathways have different episodic time frames, but soil has the longest or most persis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sporulation
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual (in fungi) or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, fungi and protozoa. They were thought to have appeared as early as the mid-late Ordovician period as an adaptation of early land plants. Bacterial spores are not part of a sexual cycle, but are resistant structures used for survival under unfavourable conditions. Myxozoan spores release amoeboid infectious germs ("amoebulae") into their hosts for parasitic infection, but also reproduce within the hosts through the pairing of two nuclei within the plasmodium, which develops from the amoebula. In plants, spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are produced by meiosis in the sporangium of a diploid sporophyte. In some rare cases, a diploid spore is also produced in some algae, or fungi. Under favourable conditions, the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
