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Pampus Griseus
Pampus () is an artificial island and late 19th-century sea fort located in the IJmeer near Amsterdam. Pampus now belongs to the municipality of Gooise Meren and is open to visitors. Together with the artillery battery on the lighthouse island near Durgerdam and the battery at the Diemer seawall, Pampus protected the entrance to IJ Bay and the harbour of Amsterdam. Pampus was part of the Defence Line of Amsterdam (Dutch: ''Stelling van Amsterdam''). In 1996, UNESCO designated the entire Defence Line with its 42 forts a World Heritage Site. Construction The fort is on a man-made island situated on what was the Pampus shallows or sandbank in the then Zuiderzee. There is a well-known Dutch expression "laying for Pampus" used to describe people that are lying down knocked out. It stems from the time ships had to wait for high tide at Pampus before they could enter the harbour of Amsterdam. Work commenced in 1887 and creating the island and fort required the sinking of 3,800 pi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IJmeer
The IJmeer is a ' bordering lake' (''Randmeer'') in the Netherlands straddling the provinces of North Holland and Flevoland. Namely, it is the southeastern section of the Markermeer. It is an important habitat for birds such as the tufted duck and scaup. Geography The IJmeer is bordered, and separated from the IJ, by the Oranje Locks to the east, a straight line extending from Uitdam to the Almere-Pampus to the northeast, and the Hollandse Brug to the southeast, where it connects with the Gooimeer. Houses in the IJmeer Since 1998 islands have been built for the new suburb of IJburg. The first houses were ready in 2003. On 24 November 2004 the Council of State ruled that the construction of further new islands was provisionally banned, because the consequences for the environment were insufficiently researched. Further plans for the IJmeer In 2006, the Council for Transport and Public Works and the Environment Board issued a joint opinion stating that Amsterdam and Almere sh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Counterscarp
A scarp and a counterscarp are the inner and outer sides, respectively, of a ditch or moat used in fortifications. Attackers (if they have not bridged the ditch) must descend the counterscarp and ascend the scarp. In permanent fortifications, the scarp and counterscarp may be encased in stone. In less permanent fortifications, the counterscarp may be lined with paling fence set at an angle so as to give no cover to the attackers, but to make advancing and retreating more difficult. If an attacker succeeds in breaching a wall, a coupure can be dug on the inside of the wall to hinder the forlorn hope, in which case the side of the ditch furthest from the breached wall and closest to the centre of the fortification is also called the counterscarp. Counterscarp gallery These are tunnels or "galleries" that have been built behind the counterscarp wall inside the moat or ditch. Each gallery is pierced with loopholes for musketry, so that attacking forces which enter the moat can be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jo Van Den Broek
Johannes Hendrik van den Broek (; 4 October 1898 – 6 September 1978) was a Dutch architect influential in the rebuilding of Rotterdam after World War II. He is known for his work with Jaap Bakema, in their practice as Van den Broek en Bakema, and as one of the founders of Nieuwe Bouwen, the modernist movement in Dutch architecture. Early life and education Johannes Hendrik van den Broek was born in Rotterdam on 4 October 1898. Career Van den Broek joined Johannes Brinkman in 1936, after the death of Brinkman's partner Leendert van der Vlugt. The new firm was named Brinkman and Van den Broek Architects. Their work during this time including a new terminal building for the Holland-America cruise line. From 1948 onward, van den Broek worked with Jacob Bakema. After Brinkman's death, the architectural firm was known as Van den Broek en Bakema (Van den Broek & Bakema). The practice played a leading role in Dutch post-war reconstruction rebuilding and expanding the housi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Van Den Broek & Bakema
Jacob Berend "Jaap" Bakema (8 March 1914 – 20 February 1981) was a Dutch modernist architect. He is notable for design of public housing and involvement in the reconstruction of Rotterdam after the Second World War, and especially his work with Jo van den Broek. The firm was renamed Van den Broek en Bakema in 1951. Bakema is also noted for his impact on the direction of modernist architecture. Early life and education Jacob Berend "Jaap" Bakema was born on 8 March 1914 in Groningen, Netherlands. He studied at the Groningen Higher Technical College (1931–1936). After being inspired by the Rietveld Schröder House in Utrecht, he decided he wanted to be an architect. He enrolled at the Academy of Architecture in Amsterdam, where he studied under Mart Stam, and graduated with distinction in 1941. Career Bakema first worked at the Amsterdam Department of Public Works, in the urban development division. While the Second World War was still on, he moved to Rotterdam and joine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Afsluitdijk
The Afsluitdijk (; ; "closure dyke") is a major dam and causeway in the Netherlands. It was constructed between 1927 and 1932 and runs from Den Oever in North Holland province to the village of Zurich, Friesland, Zurich in Friesland province, over a length of and a width of , at an initial height above Amsterdam Ordnance Datum of between along the section at Friesland, and where it crosses the deep Channel (geography), channel of the Vlieter. The height at the greater sea depths west of Friesland was required to be a minimum of 7 metres everywhere when originally constructed. Increases to the height of the Afsluitdijk have been made several times since 1958, when height increases were undertaken during regular maintenance periods as a result of the North Sea Flood of 1953, with the section between the and sluice complexes seeing the crest level raised to 7.8 metres. Major upgrade works commenced in 2019, with one of the design conditions being that only limited wave overtop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gardner Gun
The Gardner gun was an early type of mechanical machine gun. It had one, two or five barrels, was fed from a vertical magazine or hopper and was operated by a crank. When the crank was turned, a feed arm positioned a cartridge in the breech, the bolt closed and the weapon fired. Turning the crank further opened the breechblock and extracted the spent case. Development The Gardner machine gun was invented in 1874 by William Gardner of Toledo, Ohio, formerly a captain in the Union Army during the American Civil War. After producing a prototype he went to the Pratt and Whitney company, who after a year of development produced a military version of the weapon. A demonstration to officers at the United States Navy yard in 1875 was successful, however they recommended that Pratt and Whitney continue with development of the system, incorporating improvements to the feed system, which were designed by E. G. Parkhurst, an engineer at Pratt and Whitney. The army attended the tests, bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
QF 6 Pounder Hotchkiss
The Ordnance QF Hotchkiss 6 pounder gun Mk I and Mk II or QF 6 pounder 8 cwt were a family of long-lived light naval guns introduced in 1885 to defend against new, small and fast vessels such as torpedo boats and later submarines. Many variants were produced, often under license, which ranged in length from 40 to 58 calibres, with 40 calibre the most common. 6-pounders were widely used by the navies of a number of nations and often used by both sides in a conflict. Due to advances in torpedo delivery and performance, 6-pounder guns were rapidly made obsolete and were replaced with larger guns aboard most larger warships. This led to their being used ashore during World War I as Coastal artillery, coastal defence guns, the first tank guns and as anti-aircraft guns, whether on improvised or specialized Glossary of British ordnance terms#HA/LA, HA/LA mounts. During World War II 6-pounder guns were put back in service to arm small warships and as coastal defence guns. The last ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Velsen
Velsen () is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. It is located on both sides of the North Sea Canal. On the north side of the North Sea Canal there is a major steel plant, Tata Steel IJmuiden, formerly known as ''Koninklijke Hoogovens'' (the town of IJmuiden is actually located south of the canal). The headquarters of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Redding Maatschappij is located in IJmuiden. The Kennemerstrand beach on the south side of the canal is at the end of the Kennemerboulevard, which runs south of the Seaport Marina. To the south is the beach of Bloemendaal aan Zee. In between is a nude beach. Population centres The municipality of Velsen consists of the following cities, towns, villages and/or districts: * on the north of the North Sea Canal: ** Velsen-Noord * on the south of the North Sea Canal: ** Velsen-Zuid, Driehuis, IJmuiden, Santpoort-Noord, Santpoort-Zuid and Velserbroek, and the parts Oosterbroek and Buitenhuizen of the recrea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IJmuiden
n IJ (digraph) and that should remain the only places where they are used. > IJmuiden () is a port town in the Netherlands, Dutch province of North Holland. It is the main town in the municipality of Velsen which lies mainly to the south-east. Including its large sea locks, it straddles the mouth of the North Sea Canal to Amsterdam. To the south it abuts a large reserve of plant-covered dunes, the Zuid-Kennemerland National Park. The town is on the south bank; the north bank is otherwise a steel plant and Velsen-Noord. It is north northwest of Haarlem which is due west of Amsterdam. The port is a deepwater port suited to fully laden Panamax ships, and the fourth port of the Netherlands. The internal capitalization within IJmuiden is as IJ is a digraph in modern Dutch with an exceptional spelling convention. Also, in some typefaces, ''IJ'' is recognised as a ligature and is placed in one typed or handwritten space. History In the Roman era, the district was al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fort Copacabana
Fort Copacabana (, ) is a military base at the south end of the beach that defines the district of Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The base is open to the public and contains the ''Museu Histórico do Exército'' (Army Historical Museum) and a coastal defense fort that is the actual Fort Copacabana. History The fort is built on a headland that originally contained a small chapel holding a replica of the Virgen de Copacabana, the patron saint of Bolivia. In 1908 the Brazilian army started to build a modern coastal defense fort on the headland to protect both the beach of Copacabana and the entrance to the harbour of Rio de Janeiro. The fort, completed in 1914, consists of two armoured cupolas, one holding a pair of Krupp cannons, and the other a pair of Krupp cannons. The name of the turret with the 305mm guns is "Duque de Caxias", and the guns are named "Barroso" and "Osório". This cupola is behind and above the one holding the 190 mm guns so that it can fire over t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
