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Pahari Language (other)
Pahari, or Pahadi ( 'of the hills/mountains'; ), is an ambiguous term that has been used for a variety of languages, dialects and language groups, most of which are found in the lower Himalayas. Most commonly, it refers to: * Pahari-Pothwari, the Western Punjabi dialects spoken in Pakistan's northern Punjab, Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir * Western Pahari languages, group of languages spoken primarily in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh, with some languages in the south-eastern parts of Indian Jammu and Kashmir, * Northern Indo-Aryan languages, in the linguistics literature often referred to as "Pahari languages", a proposed group that includes the Indo-Aryan languages of Nepal and the Indian states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. Less commonly, ''Pahari'' may be: * a term used by Dogri speakers of the plains to refer to the Dogri varieties spoken at higher elevations, in Indian Jammu and Kashmir * a local name for a vari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pahari-Pothwari
Pahari Pothwari is an Indo-Aryan language variety of the Lahnda group, spoken in the northern half of Pothohar Plateau, in Punjab, Pakistan, as well as in the most of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and in the western areas of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. It is known by a variety of names, the most common of which are Pahari (; an ambiguous name also applied to other unrelated languages of India), and Pothwari (or Pothohari). The language is transitional between Hindko and standard Punjabi and is mutually intelligible with both. There have been efforts at cultivation as a literary language, although a local standard has not been established yet. The Shahmukhi script is used to write the language, such as in the works of Punjabi poet Mian Muhammad Bakhsh. Grierson in his early 20th-century Linguistic Survey of India assigned it to a so-called "northern cluster" of Lahnda (Western Punjabi), but this classification, as well as the validity of the Lahnda grouping ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lahnda
Lahnda (; , ), also known as Lahndi (Lahanda, Lahinda) or Western Punjabi, is a group of north-western Indo-Aryan language varieties spoken in parts of Pakistan and India. It is defined in the ISO 639 standard as a " macrolanguage" or as a "series of dialects" by other authors. Its validity as a genetic grouping is not certain. The terms "Lahnda" and "Western Punjabi" are exonyms employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves. Lahnda includes the following dialects: Saraiki (spoken mostly in southern Pakistani Punjab by about 26 million people), the Jatki dialects (referred to as Punjabi by their ~50 million speakers, spoken in the Bar region of Punjab) i.e. Jhangvi, Shahpuri and Dhanni, the diverse varieties of Hindko (with almost five million speakers in north-western Punjab and neighbouring regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, especially Hazara), Pahari/Pothwari (3.5 million speakers in the Pothohar region of Punjab, Azad Kashmir and parts of Ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western Pahari Languages
The Western Pahari languages are a range of languages and dialects of Northern Indo-Aryan languages spoken in the western parts of the Himalayan range, primarily in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. They are also spoken in Jammu and Jaunsar-Bawar regions of India. Languages The following table lists the languages classified as belonging to Western Pahari, with the provisional grouping used in Glottolog 4.1: Some Western Pahari languages, like Sarazi, Bhaderwahi and Padder-Pangwali are also spoken further north in Jammu and Kashmir, specifically in the districts of Ramban and Doda. Languages such as Sarazi, Bhaderwahi and Padder-Pangwali have been influenced heavily by Kashmiri language and also influenced the Kashmiri language spoken in the Chenab Valley region. These languages are often referred as a dialect of Kashmiri language. Some Western Pahari languages have occasionally been regarded as dialects of either Dogri, Hindustani, or Punjabi. Notably, some Wes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Northern Indo-Aryan Languages
The Northern Indo-Aryan languages, also known as Pahāṛi languages, are a proposed group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken in the lower ranges of the Himalayas, from Nepal in the east, through the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab (not to be confused with the various Pahari language (other), other languages with that name) was coined by G. A. Grierson. Classification The Pahari languages fall into three groups. Eastern Pahari *Nepali language, Nepali is spoken by an estimated 29,100,000 people in Nepal, 265,000 people in Bhutan, and 2,500,000 people in India. It is an official language in Nepal and India. *Jumli language, Jumli is spoken by an estimated 40,000 people in the Karnali Zone, Karnali zone of Nepal. *Doteli is spoken by an estimated 1 million people in Sudurpashchim Province, far west Nepal. Central Pahari *Kumaoni language, Kumaoni is spoken by an estimated 2,360,000 people ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dogri Language
Dogri (Devanagari: ; Name Dogra Akkhar: ; Nastaliq: ; ) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Western Pahari group, primarily spoken in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), Jammu and Kashmir, India, with smaller groups of speakers in the adjoining regions of western Himachal Pradesh, northern Punjab, India, Punjab, and north-eastern Pakistan Punjab, Pakistani Punjab. It is the ethnic language of the Dogras, and was spoken in the historical region of Duggar (region), Duggar. It is currently spoken in the districts of Kathua district, Kathua, Jammu district, Jammu, Samba district, Samba, Udhampur district, Udhampur, Reasi and other adjoining districts of Jammu division. Unusually for an Indo-European language, Dogri is tonal language, tonal, a trait it shares with other Western Pahari languages and Punjabi. It has several varieties, all with greater than 80% lexical similarity. Dogri is spoken by 2.6 million people in India (as of the 2011 census). It has been amo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bilaspuri
Bilaspuri ( Himachali Takri: ), or Kahluri (Takri:) is a Western Pahari language spoken in northern India, predominantly in the Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh. It is associated with the people of the former princely state of Bilaspur in the Hills State. Bilaspuri is classified as one of the varieties of the Himachali language group. However, Bilaspuri is listed as Punjabi in the census. According to the 2011 Census, the speakers of Bilaspuri/Kahluri are 295,805. The dialect of the hilly part of Hoshiarpur district is also known as ''Pahāṛī'' (Takri: ). Dialects Following are the five dialects of Bilaspuri: # North-east Bilaspuri (north-east of Kumar Hati); resemblance with Mandeali. # North Bilaspuri (north of Kumar Hati); resemblance with Mandeali. # West Bilaspuri: has the maximum Punjabi words of all Kahluri dialects. # Central Bilaspuri: Bilaspur (historic) town and surrounding area; shares resemblance to Punjabi. # Davin or Daur: east and south-east of Bi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indian Punjab
Punjab () is a state in northwestern India. Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, the state is bordered by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the north and northeast, Haryana to the south and southeast, and Rajasthan to the southwest; by the Indian union territories of Jammu and Kashmir to the north and Chandigarh to the east. To the west, it shares an international border with the identically named Pakistani province of Punjab, and as such is sometimes referred to as East Punjab or Indian Punjab for disambiguation purposes. The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres (19,445 square miles), which is 1.53% of India's total geographical area, making it the 19th-largest Indian state by area out of 28 Indian states (20th largest, if Union Territories are considered). With over 27 million inhabitants, Punjab is the 16th-largest Indian state by population, comprising 23 districts. Punjabi, written in the Gurmukhi script, is the mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nepali Language
Nepali (; , ), or ''Gorkhali'' is an Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan language native to the Himalayas region of South Asia. It is the official and most widely spoken Languages of Nepal, language of Nepal, where it also serves as a ''lingua franca''. Nepali has Languages with official status in India, official status in the Indian state of Sikkim and in the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration of West Bengal. It is spoken by about a quarter of Bhutan's population. Nepali also has a significant number of speakers in the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Uttarakhand. In Myanmar it is spoken by the Burmese Gurkhas. The Nepali diaspora in the Middle East, Brunei, Australia and worldwide also use the language. Nepali is spoken by approximately 19 million native speakers and another 14 million as a second language. Nepali is commonly classified within the Eastern Pahari group of the Northern Indo-Aryan languages, Northern zo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dhanesh Jain
Dhanesh Kumar Jain (; 1939–2019) was the founder of the publishing house Ratna Sagar, an Indologist, and a linguist of Indo-Aryan languages. Jain was born in Jammu. His family ran a business in button trading. His early education was from Hindu College, Delhi and then Fergusson College. He earned two master's degrees from Delhi University, in Hindi and English. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1973 for his dissertation entitled "Pronominal Usage in Hindi: A Sociolinguistic Study", advised by Dell Hathway Hymes and Franklin Southworth. After teaching Hindi at Penn, in 1973 he returned to India and joined the Linguistics department at Jawaharlal Nehru University. In 1982, he formed Ratna Sagar, a publishing house for textbooks and teaching materials. Ratna Sagar later oversaw imprints such as Primus and Ratna Books. Jain continued working in linguistics alongside running Ratna Sagar, notably coauthoring ''The Indo-Aryan Languages'' with George Ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bhili Language
Bhili (Bhili: , ), , is a Western Indo-Aryan language spoken in west-central India, in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh. Other name for the language include Bhilboli; several varieties are called Garasia. Bhili is a member of the Bhil languages, which are related to Gujarati and Rajasthani. The language is written using the Devanagari script. Bhili has no official status in India. Phonology Consonants * may also be heard as in free variation. * occurs in loanwords from Persian and Hindi. * is heard as an allophone of preceding . Vowels * Vowels can also be heard as . * is borrowed from Hindi. * may also be heard as in final position. * Further reading * Bodhankar, Anantrao. ''Bhillori (Bhilli) – English Dictionary''. Pune: Tribal Research & Training Institute, 2002. * Jungblut, L. ''A Short Bhili Grammar of Jhabua State and Adjoining Territories''. S.l: s.n, 1937. * Thompson, Charles S. ''Rudiments of the Bhili Language'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gujarat
Gujarat () is a States of India, state along the Western India, western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the List of states and union territories of India by area, fifth-largest Indian state by area, covering some ; and the List of states and union territories of India by population, ninth-most populous state, with a population of 60.4 million in 2011. It is bordered by Rajasthan to the northeast, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the south, Maharashtra to the southeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west. Gujarat's capital city is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. The Gujarati people, Gujaratis are indigenous to the state and their language, Gujarati language, Gujarati, is the state's official language. The state List of Indus Valley civilisation sites#List of Indus Valley sites discovered, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pahari Language (Sino-Tibetan)
Pahari is an endangered Tibeto-Burman language spoken by about 3,500 people in central Nepal. Pahari is closely related to Newar, and has until recently been treated in the linguistic literature as a dialect of it. Pahari shares 55–65% of its basic vocabulary with Newar, which suggests the two are not mutually intelligible, and their speakers consider them to be separate languages. The language is endangered as it is no longer being passed on to the next generation. The ethnic population number (as of 2011), but only a quarter of them are native speakers of the language.; . Almost all Paharis speak Nepali, while some are also fluent in the ethnic languages of their neighbours, like Tamang or Newar. Pahari speakers are most numerous in Lalitpur district, but there are also communities in nearby regions: Sindhupalchok, Makwanpur, Ramechhap, Rautahat, Sindhuli and Kavre. There are at least two dialects – of Lalitpur and Sindhupalchok – and they are not mutually intellig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
