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P V S And Cornwall County Council
''P v S and Cornwall County Council'' was a landmark case of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) which extended the scope of sex equality to discrimination against transsexuals. The case concerned a United Kingdom (UK) trans woman, referred to as P in court proceedings, who was dismissed from her post after informing her employers that she was undergoing gender reassignment. She took her employers to an Employment Tribunal. The Tribunal agreed that she had been dismissed because of her gender reassignment, but was unable to rule that she had been discriminated against because at that time the Sex Discrimination Act (SDA) offered little protection to transsexual people. If P had been a trans man, he would have been treated in the same way and so there were no grounds in the SDA to rule that P had been discriminated against. However, the UK was part of the European Community and thus obliged to implement the Equal Treatment Directive. The Tribunal felt the scope of the Directive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Equal Treatment Directive Of 1976
The Equal Treatment Directive 76/207/EEC was a directive that applied in the European Union until 2009, when it was repealed by Directive 2006/54/EC. History Directive 76/207/EEC was created on 9 February 1976 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions. It was the subject of the landmark case ''Foster v British Gas plc''. It had been previously established that European Union directives can be directly enforceable against the state if they have not been correctly and fully transposed into national law within the time allowed. The judgment in this case established that such direct enforceability applies not only against the state but also against emanations of the state. See also *EU law *List of European Union directives This list of European Union Directives is ordered by theme to follow EU law. For a date based list, see the :European Union directives by n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cornwall Council
Cornwall Council ( ), known between 1889 and 2009 as Cornwall County Council (), is the local authority which governs the non-metropolitan county of Cornwall in South West England. Since 2009 it has been a Unitary authorities of England, unitary authority, having taken over district-level functions when the county's districts were abolished. The non-metropolitan county of Cornwall is slightly smaller than the ceremonial county, which additionally includes the Isles of Scilly. The council's headquarters is Lys Kernow (also known as New County Hall) in Truro. The council has been under no overall control since July 2024. Following the 2025 United Kingdom local elections, May 2025 election an administration of the Liberal Democrats (UK), Liberal Democrats and Independent politician, independents formed to run the council. History Elected county councils were established in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888, taking over administrative functions previously carried out by unele ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaties Of The European Union
The Treaties of the European Union are a set of international treaties between the European Union (EU) member states which sets out the EU's constitutional basis. They establish the various EU institutions together with their remit, procedures and objectives. The EU can only act within the competences granted to it through these treaties and amendment to the treaties requires the agreement and ratification (according to their national procedures) of every single signatory. Two core functional treaties, the Treaty on European Union (originally signed in Maastricht in 1992, The Maastricht Treaty) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (originally signed in Rome in 1957 as the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community i.e. The Treaty of Rome), lay out how the EU operates, and there are a number of satellite treaties which are interconnected with them. The treaties have been repeatedly amended by other treaties over the 65 years since they were first s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Defrenne V Sabena (No 2)
''Defrenne v Sabena (No 2)'' (1976) is a foundational European Union law case, concerning direct effect and the European Social Charter in the European Union. It held that the EU: The case was championed by the Belgian lawyer Éliane Vogel-Polsky, who was responsible for much of the heavy involvement in sex discrimination law of the time by the European Court of Justice. Facts A woman named Gabrielle Defrenne worked as a flight attendant for the Belgian national airline Sabena. Under Belgian law, female flight attendants were obliged to retire at the age of 40, unlike their male counterparts. Defrenne had been forced to retire from Sabena in 1968. Defrenne complained that the lower pension rights this entailed violated her right to equal treatment on grounds of gender under article 119 of the Treaty of the European Community, (now Article 157 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) – prior to the Lisbon Treaty, this was article 141 TEC). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HeinOnline
HeinOnline (HOL) is a commercial internet database service launched in 2000 by William S. Hein & Co. (WSH Co), a Buffalo, New York publisher specializing in legal materials. The company was founded in Buffalo, New York, in 1961, and is currently based in nearby Getzville, New York. In 2013, WSH Co. was the 33rd largest private company in western New York, with revenues of around $33 million and more than seventy employees. HeinOnline is a source for traditional legal materials (reported cases, statutes, government regulations, academic law reviews, commercially produced law journals and magazines, and classic treatises), historical, governmental, and political documents, legislative debates, legislative and executive branch reports, world constitutions, international treaties, and reports and other documents of international organizations. The database includes more than 192 million pages of materials "in an online, fully searchable, image-based format". New product award In 200 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Court Of Human Rights
The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), also known as the Strasbourg Court, is an international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The court hears applications alleging that a contracting state has breached one or more of the human rights enumerated in the convention or its optional protocols to which a member state is a party. The court is based in Strasbourg, France. The court was established in 1959 and decided its first case in 1960 in ''Lawless v. Ireland''. An application can be lodged by an individual, a group of individuals, or one or more of the other contracting states. Aside from judgments, the court can also issue advisory opinions. The convention was adopted within the context of the Council of Europe, and all of its member states of the Council of Europe, 46 member states are contracting parties to the convention. The court's primary means of judicial interpretation is the living instrument doctrine, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eva Brems
Eva Brems (born 1969) is a Belgian university professor, human rights defender and politician. She is a senior lecturer in human rights and non-Western law at Ghent University. Besides her academic engagements, Brems has also been politically active. From 2006 until 2010, she was the president of the Flemish division of Amnesty International.Prof. Dr. Eva Brems - Personal page , , Department of Public Law, Human Rights Centre HRC. Retrieved 2010-06-17. In the spring of 2010 she announced her candidacy in the |
Catherine Barnard
Catherine Sarah Barnard is a British academic, who specialises in European Union, employment, and competition law. She has been Professor of European Union and Employment Law at the University of Cambridge since 2008. She has been a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge since 1996, and is the college's Senior Tutor. Education Barnard read law at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( MA Cantab), and the European University Institute (LLM). She earned a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree from the University of Cambridge. Career Barnard was elected a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge in 1996. She was appointed Reader in European Union Law in the Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge The Faculty of Law, Cambridge is the law school of the University of Cambridge. The study of law at the University of Cambridge began in the thirteenth century. The faculty sits the oldest law professorship in the English-speaking world, the ... on 1 October 2004. On 1 October 2008, she was a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stay Of Proceedings
A stay of proceedings is a ruling by the court in civil and criminal procedure that halts further legal process in a trial or other legal proceeding. The court can subsequently lift the stay and resume proceedings based on events taking place after the stay is ordered. However, a stay is sometimes used as a device to postpone proceedings indefinitely. United Kingdom In civil procedure, stays of proceedings are governed by the Civil Procedure Rules. In criminal trials, they are governed by the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985. ss 22(4), 22A, 22B Scope of power to order Court have the power to stay: * the whole or part of any part of litigation before it * litigation permanently or temporarily * the proceedings pending some contingent event, such as conclusion of an appeal or a period allowed for mediation. ...
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European Community
The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957,Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the ''Treaty on the functioning of the European Union'', as renamed by the Lisbon Treaty. aiming to foster economic integration among its member states. It was subsequently renamed the European Community (EC) upon becoming integrated into the Three pillars of the European Union, first pillar of the newly formed European Union (EU) in 1993. In the popular language, the singular ''European Community'' was sometimes inaccurately used in the wider sense of the plural ''European Communities'', in spite of the latter designation covering all the three constituent entities of the first pillar. The EEC was also known as the European Common Market (ECM) in the English-speaking countries, and sometimes referred to as the European Community even before it was officially renamed as such in 1993. In 2009, the EC formally ceased to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Recital (law)
In law, a recital (from , "to read out") consists of an account or repetition of the details of some act, proceeding or fact. Particularly, in law, that part of a legal document—such as a lease, which contains a statement of certain facts—contains the purpose for which the deed is made. In European Union law, a recital is a text that sets out reasons for the provisions of an enactment, while avoiding normative language and political argumentation. A recital may also appear at the end of a document, as some 173 do in the General Data Protection Regulation. Recitals have been demonstrated to play a limited role in the interpretation of Union legislation in the courts in the case of ambiguity in a particular provision within the legislation. In English, by convention, most recitals start with the word '' Whereas''. A recital can, and should, be taken into account when interpreting the meaning of a contractual agreement. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
