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Overpressure Ammunition
Overpressure ammunition, commonly designated as +P or +P+ (pronounced Plus-P or Plus-P-Plus), is small arms ammunition that has been loaded to produce a higher internal pressure when fired than is standard for ammunition of its caliber (see internal ballistics), but less than the pressures generated by a Proof shot#Firearms, proof round. This is done typically to produce ammunition with higher muzzle velocity, muzzle energy, and stopping power, such as ammunition used for Security forces, security, Self-defense#Armed, defensive, or hunting purposes. Because of this, +P ammunition is typically found in handgun calibers which might be used for Paramilitary, paramilitary forces, Security guard, armed security, and Defensive gun use, defensive purposes. +P vs. magnum cartridges List of Magnum cartridges, Magnum cartridges, such as the .357 Magnum, are usually developed by greatly increasing the working pressure of an existing cartridge, and the resulting cartridges are typically diffe ...
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Speer 9mm +P
Speer is a surname of various origins: •Middle High German and Middle Dutch (): ''sper'', meaning "spear" •Ashkenazi Jewish (): a spelling variation of ''Speyer'', a name indicative of origin from the German city of Speyer (more at Shapiro). :• Scottish and northern Irish : a spelling variation of ''Speir'', from the Old French ''espier'' meaning "to watch" Notable people with the surname include: *Albert Friedrich Speer, (1863–1947), German architect, father of Albert Speer *Albert Speer, (1905–1981), German architect, Minister of Armaments and War Production of Nazi Germany from 1942 to 1945 *Albert Speer (born 1934), (1934–2017), a German architect and city planner, son of Albert Speer *Bill Speer, a retired professional ice hockey player *Christian P. Speer, (born 1952) German pediatrician and Professor of Pediatrics *Christopher Speer, Sergeant First Class (SFC), a U.S. special forces soldier killed in Afghanistan *Del Speer (born 1970), American football player ...
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357 Magnum
The .357 Smith & Wesson Magnum, .357 S&W Magnum, .357 Magnum, or 9×33mmR (as it is known in unofficial metric designation) is a smokeless powder cartridge with a bullet diameter. It was created by Elmer Keith, Phillip B. Sharpe, and Douglas B. Wesson of firearm manufacturers Smith & Wesson and Winchester. The .357 Magnum cartridge is notable for its highly effective terminal ballistics. The .357 Magnum cartridge is based upon Smith & Wesson's earlier .38 Special cartridge. It was introduced in 1935, and its use has since become widespread. Design The .357 Magnum was collaboratively developed over a period in the early to mid-1930s by a group of individuals as a direct response to Colt's .38 Super Automatic. At the time, the .38 Super was the only American pistol cartridge capable of defeating automobile cover and the early ballistic vests that were just beginning to emerge in the Interwar period. Tests at the time revealed that those vests defeated any handgun bullet trav ...
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30-30 Winchester
The .30-30 Winchester / 7.8x51mmR (officially named the .30 Winchester Center Fire or .30 WCF) cartridge was first marketed for the Winchester Model 1894 lever-action rifle in 1895.Load Guide
data from Accurate Powder.
The .30-30 (pronounced "thirty-thirty"), as it is most commonly known, along with the .25-35 Winchester, was offered that year as the United States' first small-bore sporting rifle cartridges designed for smokeless powder. Since its introduction, it has been utilized alongside the development of flatter shooting cartridges, most prominently those derived from designs subsidized by interest in military expenditures. (Examples: ..303 British, 303 British, .30-06 Springfield, .30-06, and 6.5×55mm Swedish, 6.5x55 Swedish) The .30-30 has remained in widespread use almost entirely ...
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Lever-action Rifle
The toggle-link action used in the iconic Winchester Model 1873 rifle, one of the most famous lever-action firearms Picture showing a Volcanic Pistol A lever action is a type of action for repeating firearms that uses a manually operated cocking handle located around the trigger guard area (often incorporating it) that pivots forward to move the bolt via internal linkages, which will feed and extract cartridges into and out of the chamber, and cock the firing pin mechanism. This contrasts to other type of repeating actions such as the bolt-action, pump-action, semi-automatic, fully automatic, and/or burst mode actions. A firearm using this operating mechanism is colloquially referred to as a levergun. Most lever-action firearms are rifles, but some lever-action shotguns and a few pistols have been made. The Winchester Model 1873 rifle is one of the most famous lever-action firearms, but many manufacturers (notably Henry Repeating Arms and Marlin Firearms) also produce le ...
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Single-action Revolver
A trigger is a mechanism that actuates the function of a ranged weapon such as a firearm, airgun, crossbow, or speargun. The word may also be used to describe a switch that initiates the operation of other non-shooting devices such as a trap, a power tool, or a quick release. A small amount of energy applied to the trigger leads to the release of much more energy. Most triggers use a small flat or slightly curved lever (called the ''trigger blade'') depressed by the index finger, but some weapons such as the M2 Browning machine gun or the Iron Horse TOR ("thumb-operated receiver") use a push-button-like thumb-actuated trigger design, and others like the Springfield Armory M6 Scout use a squeeze-bar trigger similar to the "ticklers" on medieval European crossbows. Although the word "trigger" technically implies the entire mechanism (known as the ''trigger group''), colloquially it is usually used to refer specifically to the trigger blade. Most firearm triggers are "single- ...
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44-40 Winchester
The .44-40 Winchester (10.8×33mmR), also known as .44 Winchester, .44 WCF (Winchester Center Fire), is a .44 caliber centerfire small arms metallic cartridge introduced in 1873 by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. It was the first of its kind manufactured by Winchester, and was promoted as the standard chambering for the new Winchester Model 1873 rifle.The 44-40 (44WCF) for beginners (like me)
Leverguns Web site.
As both a rifle and a handgun caliber, the cartridge soon became widely popular, so much so that the Winchester Model 1873 rifle became known as "The gun that won the West."


History

When Winchester released the new cartridge, many other firearm companies chambered their guns in the new round.
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32-20 Winchester
The .32-20 Winchester / 7.94x33mmR, also known as .32 WCF (Winchester center fire), was the first small-game lever-action intermediate cartridge that Winchester produced.Levergun loads: the .25-20 Winchester
by John Taffin, Guns Magazine, April 2004
It was initially introduced as a black-powder cartridge in 1882 for small-game, , and deer..32-20 Winchester (HV-92)
" from Accurate Powder
...
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38-55 Winchester
The .38-55 Winchester / 9.6x53mmR cartridge (actually .3775 caliber), also known as the .38-55 WCF and the .38-55 Ballard, is a centerfire rifle cartridge. It was based on an earlier cartridge called the .38-50 Ballard Everlasting that was introduced in 1876 by the Ballard Rifle & Cartridge Company. The .38-55 Ballard was originally a Black-powder cartridge as used in Ballard and Marlin Firearms from 1876 onwards for various single-shot target rifles. Their 1893 lever-action rifle was also available in 38-55 using a Black-powder only barrel, or another barrel designated "Special Smokeless Steel" capable of safely using 38-55 cartridges loaded with the then relatively new and higher pressure smokeless powders. It was later offered by Winchester in its Model 1894, who usurped the name calling it the 38-55 Winchester, although it was an exact dimensional copy of the 38-55 Ballard. Winchester continued to use the round in various rifles until about 1940, and also used it in a few co ...
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32-40 Winchester
The .32-40 Ballard / 8.1x54mmR, also known as .32-40 Winchester is an American rifle cartridge. Description Introduced in 1884, the .32-40 Winchester was developed as a black powder match-grade round for the Ballard single-shot Union Hill Nos. 8 and 9 target rifles. Using a bullet and of black powder (muzzle velocity , muzzle energy ), the factory load gained a reputation for fine accuracy, with a midrange trajectory of at .Barnes, p.47. It was available in Winchester and Marlin lever-action rifles beginning in 1886.Both the .32–40 Winchester and the .38-55 Winchester were chambered for the Model 1894 Winchester when it was introduced to the public in 1894.H. V. Stent, "The Model 94 Winchester," ''Gun Digest'' 1980. It stopped being a factory chambering around 1940. It can be used for varmint and predator hunting, including coyotes and wolves. H. V. Stent has said that for a time the .32-40 Winchester and .38-55 Winchester were considered by some hunters to be usable ...
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Smokeless Powder
Finnish smokeless powder Smokeless powder is a type of propellant used in firearms and artillery that produces less smoke and less fouling when fired compared to black powder. Because of their similar use, both the original black powder formulation and the smokeless propellant which replaced it are commonly described as gunpowder. The combustion products of smokeless powder are mainly gaseous, compared to around 55% solid products (mostly potassium carbonate, potassium sulfate, and potassium sulfide) for black powder. In addition, smokeless powder does not leave the thick, heavy fouling of hygroscopic material associated with black powder that causes rusting of the barrel. Despite its name, smokeless powder is not completely free of smoke; while there may be little noticeable smoke from small-arms ammunition, smoke from artillery fire can be substantial. Invented in 1884 by Paul Vieille, the most common formulations are based on nitrocellulose, but the term was also used to ...
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45-70
The .45-70 (11.6x53mmR), also known as the .45-70 Government, .45-70 Springfield, and .45-2" Sharps, is a .45 caliber rifle cartridge (firearms), cartridge originally holding 70 grain (unit), grains of black powder that was developed at the United States Army, U.S. Army's Springfield Armory for use in the Springfield Model 1873. It was a replacement for the stop-gap .50-70 Government cartridge, which had been adopted in 1866, one year after the end of the American Civil War, and is known by collectors as the "Trapdoor Springfield". Original ballistics of the 45-70-405 and -500 The original 45-70 loading was designated 45–70–405, referring to a 45 caliber bullet, 70 grains of black powder, and a 405 grain lead round nose bullet. It had a muzzle velocity of . A reduced-power load of of powder (Carbine Load) was manufactured for carbine use with a muzzle velocity of . In 1884, the US Ordnance Department increased the bullet weight of the 45–70 to 45–70–500, or a 45 calib ...
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