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Organization Of Communist Action In Lebanon
The Communist Action Organization in Lebanon – CAOL ( , ''munaẓẓamah al-‘amal al-shuyū‘ī fī lubnān''), also known as Organization of Communist Action in Lebanon (OCAL) or the Secular Democratic Left Action Organization, is a socialist political party and former militia in Lebanon. Membership The OACL was one of Lebanon's few multi-sectarian parties, with Christian, Muslim and Druze members, but its main support base lay on the Shi'a Muslim community. OACL played a major role in the political radicalization of the Shi'a community during the 1970s.Israel in Lebanon, 1975-82, James A. Reilly, MERIP Reports, No. 108/109, The Lebanon War (Sep. - Oct., 1982), pp. 14-20 In the 1980s, it had a membership of about 2,000. History of the OACL Merger and foundation of OACL The OACL was formed around 1970 through the merger of the Organization of Lebanese Socialists and Socialist Lebanon. The Organization of Lebanese Socialists was led by Muhsin Ibrahim and Muhammed Kishli. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohsen Ibrahim
Mohsin Ibrahim ( ''Muḥsin ‘Ibrāhīm''), Kunya (Arabic), kunya Abu Khaled (; 1935 – June 3, 2020), was a Lebanon, Lebanese politician. He was a prominent personality of the Lebanese and Arab left. Initially a Nasserism, Nasserist nationalist, he later turned to Marxism and became the leader of the Communist Action Organization in Lebanon (OACL). As the head of OACL, he played key roles in the building of alliances during the Lebanese Civil War. Youth Muhsin Ibrahim was born to a Lebanese Shia Muslims, Shia Muslim family in Ansar, Lebanon, Ansar in southern Lebanon in 1935.''L'Orient Le Jour''. Mohsen Ibrahim, l’une des dernières figures historiques de la gauche libanaise, n’est plus' Ibrahim worked as a school teacher in southern Lebanon. He joined the Arab Nationalist Movement in the 1950s, being a fierce supporter of the Egyptian President of Egypt, president Gamal Abdel Nasser.''Al-Akhbar''محسن إبراهيم' He took part in the first conference of the Arab Nat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islam In Lebanon
Islam has a long, continuous history in Lebanon. A substantial portion of the Lebanese population is Muslim, probably representing a majority of the population, although the precise percentage is difficult to ascertain. The Lebanese constitution officially guarantees freedom of religion for government-registered religions, including five denominations of Islam, although a blasphemy law and restrictions on religious groups that "disturb the public order" exist as well. Under the Taif Agreement, Muslims are allocated proportional representation across multiple governmental positions. The Lebanese Druze community are sometimes counted as a branch of Islam within Lebanon, though most Druze followers do not consider themselves Muslim and do not follow the Five Pillars of Islam. History Demographics It is difficult to obtain precise demographic information within Lebanon, as the country has not had an official census since 1932. In that census, Muslims amounted to 42% of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Hurriya (DFLP)
''Al-Hurriya'' (), (freedom) variously transcribed as ''al-Hourriya'', ''al-Hurriyeh'', etc.) is a Palestinian political newspaper affiliated with the Marxist-Leninist Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP). First published in Beirut, Lebanon on January 4, 1960, by the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM), under the editorship of Muhsin Ibrahim it became increasingly socialist, against the opposition of ANM founders and older members.Helena Cobban. ''The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: People, Power and Politics'', Cambridge University Press, p. 142. In 1969 al-Hurriya became the joint organ of the DFLP and the Communist Action Organization in Lebanon. Since 1977 it is the central organ of DFLP. Notes External linksal-Hurriya Magazine(in Arabic Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Damascus
Damascus ( , ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in the Levant region by population, largest city of Syria. It is the oldest capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. Known colloquially in Syria as () and dubbed, poetically, the "City of Jasmine" ( ), Damascus is a major cultural center of the Levant and the Arab world. Situated in southwestern Syria, Damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area. Nestled among the eastern foothills of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau above sea level, Damascus experiences an arid climate because of the rain shadow effect. The Barada, Barada River flows through Damascus. Damascus is one of the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. First settled in the 3rd millennium BC, it was chosen as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750. Afte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-communism
Anti-communism is Political movement, political and Ideology, ideological opposition to communism, communist beliefs, groups, and individuals. Organized anti-communism developed after the 1917 October Revolution in Russia, and it reached global dimensions during the Cold War, when the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in an intense rivalry. Anti-communism has been an element of many movements and different political positions across the political spectrum, including anarchism, centrism, conservatism, fascism, liberalism, nationalism, social democracy, socialism, leftism, and libertarianism, as well as broad movements #Evasion of censorship, resisting communist governance. Anti-communism has also been expressed by #Religions, several religious groups, and in art and #Literature, literature. The first organization which was specifically dedicated to opposing communism was the Russian White movement, which fought in the Russian Civil War starting in 1918 against the recent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-imperialism
Anti-imperialism in political science and international relations is opposition to imperialism or neocolonialism. Anti-imperialist sentiment typically manifests as a political principle in independence struggles against intervention or influence from a global superpower, as well as in opposition to colonial rule. Anti-imperialism can also arise from a specific economic theory, such as in the Leninist interpretation of imperialism (Vladimir Lenin's theory of surplus value being exported to less developed nations in search of higher profits, eventually leading to imperialism), which is derived from Lenin's 1917 work '' Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism''. People who categorize themselves as anti-imperialists often state that they are opposed to colonialism, colonial empires, hegemony, imperialism and the territorial expansion of a country beyond its established borders. The phrase gained a wide currency after the Second World War and at the onset of the Cold War as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George Habash
George Habash (1 August 1926 – 26 January 2008) was a Palestinian politician and physician who was the founder and first general-secretary of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) from 1967 to 2000. Habash was born in Lydda, Mandatory Palestine, in 1926. In 1948, while a medical student at the American University of Beirut, he went to his home town of Lydda during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, when the city's Arab Palestinian population including his family were driven out in what became known as the Lydda Death March that led to the death of his sister. In 1951, after graduating first in his class from medical school, Habash worked in Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan and ran a clinic in Amman. He later relocated to Syria and Lebanon. In 1967, after being sidelined in the Palestine Liberation Organization by Yasser Arafat, he founded the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, a Marxist–Leninist group which opposes the existence of Israel and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marxism
Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a dialectical and materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to analyse class relations, social conflict, and social transformation. Marxism originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism has developed over time into various branches and schools of thought, and as a result, there is no single, definitive " Marxist theory". Marxism has had a profound effect in shaping the modern world, with various left-wing and far-left political movements taking inspiration from it in varying local contexts. In addition to the various schools of thought, which emphasize or modify elements of classical Marxism, several Marxian concepts have been incorporated into an array of social theories. This has led to widely varying conclusions. Alongside Marx's critique of political economy, the defining cha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nayef Hawatmeh
Nayef Hawatmeh (; Kunya: Abu an-Nuf; born 17 November 1938) is a Jordanian politician who is the head of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine. Biography Hawatmeh hails from a Jordanian clan and is a practicing Greek Catholic. He has been the General Secretary of the Marxist Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) since its formation in a 1969 split from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), of which he was also a founder. At the time, he was characterized as a Maoist, and was satirically referred to as "Nayef Zedong". He was active as a leader in the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM), which preceded the PFLP. He presently resides in exile in Syria, from which the DFLP receives some support. Hawatmeh did not support Fatah's policy of non-interference in the host country’s internal affairs from 1969 and argued just before Black September that attacks against King Hussein's regime in Jordan had become inevitable. He oppos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pan-Arabism
Pan-Arabism () is a Pan-nationalism, pan-nationalist ideology that espouses the unification of all Arabs, Arab people in a single Nation state, nation-state, consisting of all Arab countries of West Asia and North Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, which is referred to as the Arab world. It is closely connected to Arab nationalism, which asserts the view that the Arabs constitute a single nation. It originated in the late 19th century among the Arab regions of the Ottoman Empire, and its popularity reached its height during the peak of Nasserism and Ba'athism in the 1950s and 1960s. Advocates of pan-Arabism have often espoused Arab socialism, Arab socialist principles and strongly anti-Western sentiment, opposed the political involvement of the Western world in the Arab world. It also sought to empower Arab states against outside forces by forming alliances such as the Arab League. Origins and development The origins of pan-Arabism are often attributed to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arab Nationalist Movement
The Arab Nationalist Movement (, ''Harakat al-Qawmiyyin al-Arab''), also known as the Movement of Arab Nationalists and the Harakiyyin, was a pan-Arab nationalist organization influential in much of the Arab world, particularly within the Palestinian movement. It was first established in the 1950s by George Habash with the primary focus on Arab unity. Origins and ideology The Arab Nationalist Movement had its origins in a student group led by George Habash at the American University of Beirut which emerged in the 1950s. Because Habash thought that the reclaiming of Palestine was a community effort, the dissemination of a united Arab identity was critical for collective action following the establishment of the new State of Israel in 1948. In 1948 Habash along with other students namely, Hani al-Hindi, Wadie Haddad, Ahmad al-Khatib, Saleh Shibel, Hamed al-Juburi and others scholars united due to their similar ideologies and partook in a student political movement which later ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MERIP Reports
The ''Middle East Report'' is a magazine published by the Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP). Since 2022, its executive editor and managing editor have been based at the University of Exeter. History and profile In its online version, the ''Middle East Report'' is made available as an open access publication, with text versions of its entire archive available on its website. Digital versions of the print edition are available through JSTOR. Opinions American historian Harvey Klehr writes that the magazine is consistently critical of Israel, Zionism, and the foreign relations of the United States in the Middle East. In 1998, the editor wrote: Editors and correspondents Until 1995, Joe Stork was editor-in-chief An editor-in-chief (EIC), also known as lead editor or chief editor, is a publication's editorial leader who has final responsibility for its operations and policies. The editor-in-chief heads all departments of the organization and is held accou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
