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Organisation Civile Et Militaire
The ''Organisation civile et militaire'' (OCM, "Civil and military organization") was one of the great movements of the French Resistance in the '' zone occupée'', the German-occupied region of northern France, during the Second World War. The OCM was one of the eight great networks of resistance which made up the National Council of the Resistance. History The ''Organisation civile et militaire'' was founded in December 1940 in Paris through the amalgamation of the ''Équipe française d'organisation du redressement'' of the industrialist Jacques Arthuys (the "rue de Logenbach group") and the ''Confédération des travailleurs intellectuels'' inspired by Maxime Blocq-Mascart. From January 1941, employees of the public works ministry reinforced the OCM, under the leadership of André Boulloche and the couple Georges et Raymonde Ricroch. The OCM also recruited from the ''bourgeoisie'', industry, businesspeople, former soldiers, and professionals such as architects, lawyers an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Resistance
The French Resistance ( ) was a collection of groups that fought the German military administration in occupied France during World War II, Nazi occupation and the Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy#France, collaborationist Vichy France, Vichy regime in France during the World War II, Second World War. Resistance Clandestine cell system, cells were small groups of armed men and women (called the Maquis (World War II), Maquis in rural areas) who conducted guerrilla warfare and published Underground press, underground newspapers. They also provided first-hand intelligence information, and escape networks that helped Allies of World War II, Allied soldiers and airmen trapped behind Axis powers, Axis lines. The Resistance's men and women came from many parts of French society, including émigrés, academics, students, aristocrats, conservative Catholic Church in France, Roman Catholics (including clergy), Protestantism in France, Protestants, History of the Jews in F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre Brossolette
Pierre Brossolette (; 25 June 1903 – 22 March 1944) was a French journalist, politician and major hero of the French Resistance in World War II. Brossolette ran a Resistance intelligence hub from a Parisian bookshop on the Rue de la Pompe, before serving as a liaison officer in London, where he also was a radio anchor for the BBC, and carried out three clandestine missions in France. Arrested in Brittany as he was trying to reach the UK on a mission back from France alongside Émile Bollaert, Brossolette was taken into custody by the ''Sicherheitsdienst'' (the security service of the Schutzstaffel, SS). He committed suicide by jumping out of a window at their headquarters on 84 Avenue Foch in Paris as he feared he would reveal the lengths of French Resistance networks under torture; he died of his wounds later that day at Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital. On 27 May 2015, his ashes were transferred to the Panthéon with national honours at the request of President François Hollan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alfred Touny
Alfred Touny (24 October 1886 – April 1944) was a French soldier, lawyer and businessman who became one of the leaders of the French Resistance during World War II (1939–45). He was arrested by the Gestapo towards the end of the war and shot. Early years Alfred Touny was born on 24 October 1886 in Paris, son of the Director of the Paris municipal police. He studied at the Lycée Henri-IV in Paris, where he was a brilliant pupil, then attended the Ecole Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr (1904–06). He was made a sub-lieutenant and served in succession with the 11th, 9th and 1st Regiments of Cuirassiers. In 1910 he was promoted to lieutenant and in parallel obtained a bachelor of arts degree and a bachelor of law. In 1913 he was granted leave of absence without pay for three years. With the outbreak of World War I (1914–18), Touny was recalled to the army in August 1914 and assigned to the General Staff of the Cavalry Corps. On 9 September he was wounded by a bullet at N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Véra Obolensky
Véra Obolensky (; 11 June 1911 – 4 August 1944) was a French Resistance member during World War II (1939–45). She served as secretary of the Organisation civile et militaire, OCM, an important resistance organization, until her arrest in December 1943. She was deported to Germany and executed there after the Liberation of France. Life Véra Makarova was born in 1911 in Moscow, Russia. Her father was Apollon Apollonovich Makarov, a member of Russian high society who was vice-governor in Baku, Azerbaijan. The family emigrated to Paris in 1920, during the Russian Civil War. Vera had a Nansen passport (issued by the League of Nations to stateless refugees). After leaving school, Véra Makarova worked as a model for Russian fashion houses, then as secretary to Jacques Arthuys, an industrialist. Véra married Prince Nicholas Alexandrovich Obolensky (1900–79) in 1937 in Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Paris. He was the son of the former governor of Saint Petersburg, and owned propert ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georges Izard
Georges Izard (17 June 1903, in Abeilhan, Hérault – 20 September 1973, in Paris) was a French politician, lawyer, journalist and essayist. Biography Izard was named chief of staff to Charles Daniélou, then the minister of the merchant marine, whose daughter he married in 1929. ON 26 April 1936, he was elected member of parliament as a candidate of the Frontist Party in Meurthe-et-Moselle against a candidate of the extreme-right, Pierre Amidieu du Clos. In November 1936, he founded the Frontist Party with Bergery. He left the Frontist party in November 1937 to join the SFIO.Liora IsraëlUn procès du Goulag au temps du Goulag ? L'affaire Kravchenko (1949) ''Critique internationale'', 2007/3 (No. 36), pages 85 à 101 In July 1938 he became technical adviser to the Socialist Federation of Meurthe-et-Moselle. In 1940, as a volunteer soldier, he was taken as a prisoner of war by the Germans. Released for reasons of health, he joined the resistance as part of the Organisa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roger Souchère
Roger Souchère (21 February 1899 – 2 July 1963) was a French architect who participated in the French Resistance during World War II (1939–45). Life Roger Georges Scipion Souchère was born on 21 February 1899 in Courbevoie, Hauts-de-Seine. He attended the École Centrale Paris and the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts. He became and architect and an engineer of arts and manufactures. In 1936 Jacques Arthuys, the industrialist Pierre Lefaurichon and Roger Souchère launched the ''Mouvement des classes moyennes'' (Movement of the middle classes), based in Paris. Souchère was a member of the Freemasons, but resigned from the "Center des Amis" No. 1 in 1937. On 15 April 1940, just before the Fall of France, he asked to be reinstated in the Freemasons. During World War II (1939–45) Souchère joined the French Resistance, and was one of the co-founders of the Organisation civile et militaire (OCM), a resistance group led by Jacques Arthuys and lieutenant-colonel Alf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gestapo
The (, ), Syllabic abbreviation, abbreviated Gestapo (), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Free State of Prussia, Prussia into one organisation. On 20 April 1934, oversight of the Gestapo passed to the head of the ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS), Heinrich Himmler, who was also appointed Chief of German Police by Hitler in 1936. Instead of being exclusively a Prussian state agency, the Gestapo became a national one as a sub-office of the (SiPo; Security Police). From 27 September 1939, it was administered by the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA). It became known as (Dept) 4 of the RSHA and was considered a sister organisation to the (SD; Security Service). The Gestapo committed widespread atrocities during its existence. The power of the Gestapo was used to focus upon political opponents, ideological dissenters (clergy and religious org ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guy Mollet
Guy Alcide Mollet (; 31 December 1905 – 3 October 1975) was a French politician. He led the socialist French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) from 1946 to 1969 and was the French Prime Minister from 1956 to 1957. As Prime Minister, Mollet passed some significant domestic reforms and worked for European integration, proposing the Franco-British Union. He became unpopular in both the left and the right in the country for his international policy, especially during the Suez Crisis and the Algerian War. Early life He was born in Flers in Normandy, the son of a textile worker. He was educated in Le Havre and became an English teacher in Arras Grammar School. Like most other teachers, he was an active member of the socialist SFIO, joining in 1923, and in 1928 he became SFIO Secretary for the Pas-de-Calais ''département''. World War II He joined the French Army in 1939 and was taken prisoner by the Germans. Released after seven months, he joined the French Resistance ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Libération Nord
(), popularly known as ''Libé'' (), is a daily newspaper in France, founded in Paris by Jean-Paul Sartre and Serge July in 1973 in the wake of the protest movements of May 1968. Initially positioned on the far left of France's political spectrum, the editorial line evolved towards a more centre-left stance at the end of the 1970s, where it remains as of 2012. The publication describes its "DNA" as being "liberal libertarian". It aims to act as a common platform for the diverse tendencies within the French Left, with its "compass" being "the defence of freedoms and of minorities". Edouard de Rothschild's acquisition of a 37% capital interest in 2005, and editor Serge July's campaign for the "yes" vote in the referendum establishing a Constitution for Europe the same year, alienated it from a number of its left-wing readers. In its early days, it was noted for its irreverent and humorous style and unorthodox journalistic culture. All employees, including management, receive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
André Dewavrin
André Dewavrin DSO, MC (9 June 1911 – 20 December 1998) (colonel ''Passy)'' was a French officer who served with Free French Forces intelligence services during World War II. Biography He was born in Paris, the son of a businessman. He graduated as an army engineer and in 1938 began to teach as a professor in Saint Cyr military academy. After the outbreak of World War II, Dewavrin was assigned to Norway in 1940 before he joined General Charles de Gaulle in Britain. He received the rank of major, took charge of the Free French military intelligence unit Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action (BCRA) and took the codename "Colonel Passy". He began to help organise the French Resistance movement and co-operated with the SOE. Some of Dewavrin's closest colleagues (Captain Fourcaud and Lieutenant Duclos) were Cagoulards (a right-wing group), but Dewavrin always denied being one and insisted that he had supported the Republic during the Spanish Civil War and had ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colonel Passy
Colonel ( ; abbreviated as Col., Col, or COL) is a senior military officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, a colonel was typically in charge of a regiment in an army. Modern usage varies greatly, and in some cases, the term is used as an honorific title that may have no direct relationship to military. In some smaller military forces, such as those of Monaco or the Vatican, colonel is the highest rank. Equivalent naval ranks may be called captain or ship-of-the-line captain. In the Commonwealth's air force ranking system, the equivalent rank is group captain. History and origins By the end of the late medieval period, a group of "companies" was referred to as a "column" of an army. According to Raymond Oliver, , the Spanish began explicitly reorganizing part of their army into 20 ''colunelas'' or columns of approximately 1,000–1,250 soldiers. Each ''colunela'' was comm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
