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Open–closed Political Spectrum
The open–closed political spectrum, an alternative to the standard left–right political spectrum, describes a cleavage observed in political systems in Europe and North America in the 21st century. Under this view, parties and voters are understood on a single-axis political spectrum from ''open'' ( culturally liberal and globalist) to ''closed'' ( culturally conservative and protectionist). Groups, leaders, and citizens on either end of this spectrum draw from traditionally left- and right-wing ideas and values. For example, ''closed'' parties usually hold conventionally right-wing views on social issues but may support the left-wing policies of market intervention and redistribution of wealth. ''Open'' groups, leaders, and citizens can hold left-wing or progressivist opinions on many issues but be staunchly in favor of the traditionally more right-wing free trade policies. Depending on the context, open–closed can replace the left–right political spectrum or be a second a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Left–right Political Spectrum
The left–right political spectrum is a system of classifying political positions, ideologies and political parties, parties, with emphasis placed upon issues of social equality and social hierarchy. In addition to positions on the left and on the right, there are centrist and moderate positions, which are not strongly aligned with either end of the spectrum. It originated during the French Revolution based on the seating in the French National Assembly (French Revolution), National Assembly. On this type of political spectrum, left-wing politics and right-wing politics are often presented as opposed, although a particular individual or group may take a left-wing stance on one matter and a right-wing stance on another; and some stances may overlap and be considered either left-wing or right-wing depending on the ideology. In France, where the terms originated, the left has been called "the party of movement" or ''liberal'', and the right "the party of order" or ''conservative''. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Recession
The Great Recession was a period of market decline in economies around the world that occurred from late 2007 to mid-2009.“US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions” United States NBER, or National Bureau of Economic Research, updated March 14, 2023. This government agency dates the Great Recession as starting in December 2007 and bottoming-out in June 2009. The scale and timing of the recession varied from country to country (see map). At the time, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded that it was the most severe economic and financial meltdown since the Great Depression. The causes of the Great Recession include a combination of vulnerabilities that developed in the financial system ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Traditionalist Conservatism
Traditionalist conservatism, often known as classical conservatism, is a political philosophy, political and social philosophy that emphasizes the importance of transcendent moral principles, manifested through certain posited natural laws to which it is claimed society should adhere. It is one of many different forms of conservatism. Traditionalist conservatism, as known today, is rooted in Edmund Burke's political philosophy, as well as the similar views of Joseph de Maistre, who designated the rationalist rejection of Christianity during previous decades as being directly responsible for the Reign of Terror which followed the French Revolution. Traditionalists value interpersonal ties, social ties and the preservation of ancestral institutions above what they perceive as excessive rationalism and individualism. One of the first uses of the phrase "conservatism" began around 1818 with a monarchism, monarchist newspaper named "''Le Conservateur''", written by François-René ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Whiggism
Whiggism or Whiggery is a political philosophy that grew out of the Roundhead, Parliamentarian faction in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1653) and was concretely formulated by Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, Lord Shaftesbury during the Stuart Restoration. The Whigs advocated the Parliamentary sovereignty, supremacy of Parliament (as opposed to that of the king), Unitary State, government centralisation, and Linguistic imperialism, coercive Anglicisation through the educational system. They also staunchly opposed granting freedom of religion, civil rights, or voting rights to anyone who worshipped outside of the Established Churches of the realm. Eventually, the Whigs grudgingly conceded strictly limited religious toleration for Protestant dissenters, while continuing the religious persecution and disenfranchisement of Roman Catholics and Scottish Episcopal Church, Scottish Episcopalians. They were particularly determined to prevent the ascension of a Cath ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Classical Liberalism
Classical liberalism is a political tradition and a branch of liberalism that advocates free market and laissez-faire economics and civil liberties under the rule of law, with special emphasis on individual autonomy, limited government, economic freedom, political freedom and freedom of speech. Classical liberalism, contrary to progressive branches like social liberalism, looks more negatively on social policies, taxation and the state involvement in the lives of individuals, and it advocates deregulation. Until the Great Depression and the rise of social liberalism, classical liberalism was called economic liberalism. Later, the term was applied as a retronym, to distinguish earlier 19th-century liberalism from social liberalism. By modern standards, in the United States, the bare term ''liberalism'' often means social or progressive liberalism, but in Europe and Australia, the bare term ''liberalism'' often means classical liberalism. Classical liberalism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Socialism
Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes the Economic ideology, economic, Political philosophy, political, and Social theory, social theories and Political movement, movements associated with the implementation of such systems. Social ownership can take various forms, including State ownership, public, Community ownership, community, Collective ownership, collective, cooperative, or Employee stock ownership, employee.: "Just as private ownership defines capitalism, social ownership defines socialism. The essential characteristic of socialism in theory is that it destroys social hierarchies, and therefore leads to a politically and economically egalitarian society. Two closely related consequences follow. First, every individual is entitled to an equal ownership share that earns an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2017 French Presidential Election
Presidential elections were held in France on 23 April and 7 May 2017. Incumbent president François Hollande of the Socialist Party (France), Socialist Party (PS) was eligible to run for a second term, but declared on 1 December 2016 that he would not seek reelection in light of low approval ratings, making him the first incumbent head of state of the French Fifth Republic, Fifth Republic not to seek reelection. As no candidate won a majority in the first round, a Two-round system, runoff was held between the top two candidates, Emmanuel Macron of La République En Marche!, En Marche! (EM) and Marine Le Pen of the National Rally (France), National Front (FN), which Macron won with a difference of more than 30% of the vote. François Fillon of The Republicans (France), The Republicans (LR)—after winning the party's 2016 The Republicans (France) presidential primary, first open primary—and Le Pen of the National Front led first-round Opinion polling for the 2017 French presid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2017 Dutch General Election
General elections were held in the Netherlands on Wednesday 15 March 2017 to elect all 150 members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands), House of Representatives. The incumbent government of Prime Minister Mark Rutte was the first to serve a full term since 2002 Dutch general election, 2002. The 2012 Dutch general election, previous elections in 2012 had resulted in a ruling coalition of his People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and the Labour Party (Netherlands), Labour Party (PvdA). Because the second Rutte cabinet lacked a majority in the Senate (Netherlands), Senate, it relied on the support of Democrats 66 (D66), the Christian Union (Netherlands), Christian Union (CU) and the Reformed Political Party (SGP). The VVD lost seats but remained the largest party, while the PvdA saw a massive loss in vote share and seats, failing to win a single municipality for the first time in the party's history. The Party for Freedom (PVV) made gains to reach second place, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2016 United States Presidential Election
United States presidential election, Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 8, 2016. The Republican Party (United States), Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor, Indiana governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic ticket of former United States Secretary of State, secretary of state Hillary Clinton and Virginia junior senator Tim Kaine, in what was considered one of the biggest political Upset (competition), upsets in American history. It was the fifth and most recent presidential election in which the List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote, winning candidate lost the popular vote. Incumbent Democratic president Barack Obama was ineligible to pursue a third term due to the term limits established by the Twenty-second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Clinton secured the nomination over U.S. senator Bernie Sanders in 2016 Democratic Party ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2016 United Kingdom European Union Membership Referendum
The 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, commonly referred to as the EU referendum or the Brexit referendum, was a referendum that took place on 23 June 2016 in the United Kingdom (UK) and Gibraltar under the provisions of the European Union Referendum Act 2015 to ask the electorate whether the country should continue to remain a member of, or leave, the European Union (EU). The result was a vote in favour of leaving the EU, triggering calls to begin the process of the country's withdrawal from the EU commonly termed "Brexit". Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities, Since 1973, the UK had been a member state of the EU and its predecessor the European Communities (principally the European Economic Community), along with other international bodies. The constitutional implications of membership for the UK became a topic of debate domestically particularly regarding sovereignty. 1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2016 Austrian Presidential Election
Presidential elections were held in Austria on 24 April 2016, with a second round run-off on 22 May 2016. However, the results of the second round were annulled and a re-vote took place on 4 December 2016.Klatzer, Jürgen, Daniela Wahl and Peter Temel"Hofburg-Wahl: Stichwahl auf 4.12. verschoben, Jungwähler kommen in Wählerregister" (in German) ''kurier.at'', 12 September 2016. Incumbent President Heinz Fischer had served two terms and was not eligible to be elected for a third successive term. In the first round of the election, Norbert Hofer of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) received the most votes. Alexander Van der Bellen, an independent candidate who formerly a member of both the Austrian Greens and the Social Democratic, placed second. The candidates of the two governing parties, the Social Democratic and Austrian People's parties, placed fourth and fifth respectively, behind independent Irmgard Griss in third place, which led to a government crisis and the resig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2015 Polish Parliamentary Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 25 October 2015. All 460 members of the Sejm and 100 senators of the Senate of Poland, Senate were elected. The election was won by the largest opposition party, the right-wing Law and Justice (Poland), Law and Justice (PiS), with 38% of the vote against the governing Civic Platform (PO), which achieved 24%. Official results, announced on 27 October, gave Law and Justice 235 of the 460 seats, a majority of four. PiS vice chairwoman Beata Szydło succeeded PO leader Ewa Kopacz as Prime Minister of Poland, heading a one-party Cabinet of Beata Szydło, cabinet. It was the first election for a national parliament in Europe since the 1993 Norwegian parliamentary election, 1993 Norwegian elections in which the two largest parties were led by a female candidate, and the second election in history (also since the 1993 Norwegian election) where more than three parties fielded female leadership candidates. It was also the first election in Pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
