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Office Of Japanese Classics Research
The was a central government organization for the training of the Shinto priesthood in Japan. It was established by the Meiji Government in 1882 as the successor organization to the Bureau of Shinto Affairs. Prince Arisugawa Takahito was its first head. Under pressure from the Occupation Policy by the postwar GHQ, it was dissolved in 1946. The Association of Shinto Shrines was established and merged the National Association of Shinto Priests, Jingu-kyo, and Institute of Divinities into the same organization. Kokugakuin University Foundation (the predecessor of Kokugakuin University) was then established as a stand-alone corporation. Overview This school was opened as an institution to carry out the indoctrination of the Imperial Way to the masses as part of the religious policy of the Meiji era, when State Shinto was established. In 1890, the organization expanded the educational business and opened Kokugakuin. After its establishment, as part of its business, it b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meiji Era
The was an Japanese era name, era of History of Japan, Japanese history that extended from October 23, 1868, to July 30, 1912. The Meiji era was the first half of the Empire of Japan, when the Japanese people moved from being an isolated feudalism, feudal society at risk of colonization by Western world, Western powers to the new paradigm of a modern, industrialized nation state and emergent great power, influenced by Western scientific, technological, philosophical, political, legal, and aesthetic ideas. As a result of such wholesale adoption of radically different ideas, the changes to Japan were profound, and affected its social structure, internal politics, economy, military, and foreign relations. The period corresponded to the reign of Emperor Meiji. It was preceded by the Keiō era and was succeeded by the Taishō era, upon the accession of Emperor Taishō. The rapid modernization during the Meiji era was not without its opponents, as the rapid changes to society cause ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Shinto
was Empire of Japan, Imperial Japan's ideological use of the Japanese folk religion and traditions of Shinto. The state exercised control of shrine finances and training regimes for Kannushi, priests to strongly encourage Shinto practices that emphasized the Emperor as a Deity, divine being. The State Shinto ideology emerged at the start of the Meiji era, after government officials defined freedom of religion within the Meiji Constitution. Imperial scholars believed Shinto reflected the historical fact of the Emperor's divine origins rather than a religious belief, and argued that it should enjoy a privileged relationship with the Japanese state. The government argued that Shinto was a non-religious moral tradition and patriotic practice, to give the impression that they supported Freedom of religion, religious freedom. Though early Meiji-era attempts to unite Shinto and the state failed, this non-religious concept of ideological Shinto was incorporated into state bureaucracy. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kokugaku
was an academic movement, a school of Japanese philology and philosophy originating during the Edo period. scholars worked to refocus Japanese scholarship away from the then-dominant study of Chinese, Confucian, and Buddhist texts in favor of research into the early Japanese classics. History What later became known as the tradition began in the 17th and 18th centuries as ''kogaku'' ("ancient studies"), ''wagaku'' ("Japanese studies") or ''inishie manabi'' ("antiquity studies"), a term favored by Motoori Norinaga and his school. Drawing heavily from Shinto and Japan's ancient literature, the school looked back to a golden age of culture and society. They drew upon ancient Japanese poetry, predating the rise of medieval Japan's feudal orders in the mid-twelfth century, and other cultural achievements to show the emotion of Japan. One famous emotion appealed to by the ''kokugakusha'' is ' mono no aware'. The word , coined to distinguish this school from ''kangaku'' ("Chin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proclamation Of The Great Doctrine
The was issued in the name of Emperor Meiji on January 3, 1870 (February 3).�歴代の詔勅�� p.66 河野省三 内閣印刷局、1940年（国立国会図書館） It declared Shinto (the "way of the gods") as the guiding principle of the state. The concept of Divinity was placed on the Emperor, and Shinto become designated as the state religion of the Japanese Empire, which was designated as a state with "unity of religion and rule". Commentary After the Meiji Restoration, the theory of unification of ritual and government increased, centering on Kokugaku scholars of the Hirata Atsutane school, which dedicated itself to the restoration of Shinto, and on July 8, 1869, a Missionary Office was established within the Department of Divinities. The Missionary Office was established, and Nakayama Tadayasu was appointed as the missionary director and Fukuha Yoshishige as the vice-director. Fukuha served as Ministry of Divinities, the de facto chief executive officer after the M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bunmei-kaika
''Bunmei-kaika'' () refers to the phenomenon of Westernization in Japan during the Meiji era (1868–1912), which led to major changes in institutions and customs. The term is generally used for the period in the early Meiji era when customs and manners changed drastically from the Feudalism, feudal society of the past. Under the influence of scholars such as Fukuzawa Yukichi, it was thought that adopting Western culture would allow Japan to overcome the perceived weaknesses of Culture of Japan, its traditional culture. Etymology The term was used as a translation of "civilization" in Fukuzawa Yukichi's book . Originally, only was translated as "civilization" in Japan. However, the word is now also widely used to mean "civilization". originally meant "the action of making someone understand reason or principle and guiding them to good direction" in Buddhism. In the Edo period though, the Tokugawa clan, Tokugawa family used the verb () to refer to the development of a natio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shinto Shrine
A Stuart D. B. Picken, 1994. p. xxiii is a structure whose main purpose is to house ("enshrine") one or more kami, , the deities of the Shinto religion. The Also called the . is where a shrine's patron is or are enshrined.Iwanami Japanese dictionary The may be absent in cases where a shrine stands on or near a sacred mountain, tree, or other object which can be worshipped directly or in cases where a shrine possesses either an altar-like structure, called a himorogi, , or an object believed to be capable of attracting spirits, called a yorishiro, , which can also serve as direct bonds to a . There may be a and other structures as well. Although only one word ("shrine") is used in English, in Japanese, Shinto shrines may carry any one of many different, non-equivalent names like , , , , , , , , , or . Miniature shrines (hokora, ) can occasionally be found on roadsides. Large shrines sometimes have on their precincts miniature shrines, or . Because the and once had differe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secular Shrine Theory
Secular Shrine Theory or was a religious policy and political theory that arose in Japan during the 19th and early 20th centuries due to the separation of church and state of the Meiji Government. It was the idea that Shinto Shrines were secular in their nature rather than religious, and that Shinto was not a religion, but rather a secular set of Japanese national traditions. This was linked to State Shinto and the idea that the state controlling and enforcing Shinto was not a violation of freedom of religion. It was subject to immense debate over this time and ultimately declined and disappeared during the Shōwa era. Linguistic debate Translating the word "religion" into Japanese has been controversial from the beginning, with some scholars arguing it was a Christian concept that did not apply to Shinto. Kozaki Hiromichi first translated the English word "religion" as Before that, Yukichi Fukuzawa translated it as and , and Masanao Nakamura translated it as According ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shinto
, also called Shintoism, is a religion originating in Japan. Classified as an East Asian religions, East Asian religion by Religious studies, scholars of religion, it is often regarded by its practitioners as Japan's indigenous religion and as a nature religion. Scholars sometimes call its practitioners ''Shintoists'', although adherents rarely use that term themselves. With no central authority in control of Shinto, there is much diversity of belief and practice evident among practitioners. A polytheism, polytheistic and animism, animistic religion, Shinto revolves around supernatural entities called the (神). The are believed to inhabit all things, including forces of nature and prominent landscape locations. The are worshipped at household shrines, family shrines, and Shinto shrine, ''jinja'' public shrines. The latter are staffed by priests, known as , who oversee offerings of food and drink to the specific enshrined at that location. This is done to cultivate harmony ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sect Shinto
refers to several independently organized Shinto groups that were excluded by Japanese law in 1882 from government-run State Shinto. Compared to mainstream Shrine Shinto, which focuses primarily on rituals, these independent groups have a more developed theology. Many such groups are organized under the . Before World War II, Sect Shinto consisted of 13 denominations, which were referred to as the 13 Shinto schools. Since then, there have been additions to and withdrawals from membership. Whereas Shrine Shinto is an aggregation of various shrines and customary beliefs in different parts of Japan (which became united under the Ise Grand Shrine after the Meiji period), Sect Shinto is based on the () school of philosophy. Tenrikyo was categorized as Sect Shinto but is often considered a separate monotheistic religion. History While its roots are in the late Edo period, Sect Shinto became more firmly established in the Meiji era after the Meiji Restoration. Its formation was sti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kyodo Shoku
is a religious position established in the Empire of Japan for the Proclamation of the Great Doctrine. The institution showed little success and was abolished in 1884. They were divided into 14 ranks History In the 3rd year of Meiji (1870), the Missionary Office was established, and in addition to the clerical staff, the Great Missionary Messengers and others were appointed as instructors for missionary activities. In March 1872, the Missionary Office was merged with the Ministry of Divinities and became the Ministry of Religion. The teaching ministry was an unpaid official position, and initially all shinkans (there were no Kannushi at that time), Shintoists and Bhikkhu were appointed to this position. Private experts were also appointed. The Great Teaching Institute was established at Zojoji Temple as an institution for research and education, and and were established in the provinces. is one of the few surviving Chukyoin, located in Toyama City. The head priest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shinkan (official)
''Shinkan'' (神官) were government officials serving at ''shakaku''-ranked Shinto shrines in Japan. Commonly, ''shinkan'' were officially appointed ''kannushi''. Terminology According to the 1884 Daijō-kan decree, ''shinkan'' is an official who has been given the status of a government official ('' kanri'') to serve at a ''shakaku''-ranked shrine. However, in 1887, at shrines ranking below '' kanpei-sha,'' with the exception of Ise Grand Shrine, the position of ''shinkan'' was abolished and the position of ''shinshoku'' was introduced. In 1945, Ise Grand Shrine abolished the position of ''shinkan''. Today, the position of ''shinkan'' does not exist, and the ''kannushi'' of Shinto shrines are collectively referred to as ''shinshoku''. See also * Kannushi * Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines * Clergy Clergy are formal leaders within established religions. Their roles and functions vary in different religious traditions, but usually involve presiding over specific ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
