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Nicoleño
The Nicoleño were the people who lived on San Nicolas Island in California at the time of European contact. They spoke a Uto-Aztecan language. The population of the island was "left devastated by a massacre in 1811 by usso-Alaskan sea otter hunters." Its last surviving member, who was given the name Juana Maria, was born before 1811 and died in 1853. Prehistory Archaeological evidence suggests that San Nicolas island, like the other Channel Islands, has been populated for at least 10,000 years, though perhaps not continuously. It is thought the Nicoleño people were closely related to the people of Santa Catalina and San Clemente Islands; these were members of the Takic branch of the Uto-Aztecan people and were related to the Tongva of modern-day Los Angeles County. The name Nicoleño has been conventional since its use by Alfred L. Kroeber in ''Handbook of Indians of California''; the Chumash called them the ''Niminocotch'' and called San Nicolas ''Ghalas-at''. Their name for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juana Maria
Juana Maria (died October 19, 1853), better known to history as the Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island (her Native American name is unknown), was a Native Californian woman who was the last surviving member of her tribe, the Nicoleño. She lived alone on San Nicolas Island off the coast of Alta California from 1835 until her removal from the island in 1853. Scott O'Dell's award-winning children's novel '' Island of the Blue Dolphins'' (1960) was inspired by her story. She was the last native speaker of the Nicoleño language. Background The Channel Islands have long been inhabited by humans, with Indigenous civilization first occurring 10,000 years ago or earlier. At the time of European contact, two distinct ethnic groups lived on the archipelago: the Chumash lived on the Northern Channel Islands and the Tongva on the Southern Islands. Juana Maria's tribe, the Nicoleño, were believed to be closely related to the Tongva. In the early 1540s, Spanish (or Portuguese, according ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juana Maria (Hayward & Muzzall)
Juana Maria (died October 19, 1853), better known to history as the Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island (her Native American name is unknown), was a Native Californian woman who was the last surviving member of her tribe, the Nicoleño. She lived alone on San Nicolas Island off the coast of Alta California from 1835 until her removal from the island in 1853. Scott O'Dell's award-winning children's novel ''Island of the Blue Dolphins'' (1960) was inspired by her story. She was the last native speaker of the Nicoleño language. Background The Channel Islands have long been inhabited by humans, with Indigenous civilization first occurring 10,000 years ago or earlier. At the time of European contact, two distinct ethnic groups lived on the archipelago: the Chumash lived on the Northern Channel Islands and the Tongva on the Southern Islands. Juana Maria's tribe, the Nicoleño, were believed to be closely related to the Tongva. In the early 1540s, Spanish (or Portuguese, according to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Il’mena
''Lydia'' was a US merchant ship that sailed on maritime fur trading ventures in the early 1800s. In December 1813 it was sold to the Russian–American Company and renamed ''Il'mena'', also spelled ''Ilmena'' and ''Il'men''' (Russian: Ильмена). As both ''Lydia'' and ''Il'mena'' it was involved in notable events. Today it is best known for its role in an 1814 massacre of the Nicoleño natives of San Nicolas Island, which ultimately resulted in one Nicoleño woman, known as Juana Maria, living alone on the island for many years. These events became the basis for Scott O'Dell's 1960 children's novel ''Island of the Blue Dolphins'' and the 1964 film adaptation ''Island of the Blue Dolphins''. The vessel was a brig built in the East Indies of teak. In April 1809 ''Lydia'', under captain Thomas Brown, left Boston for the Pacific Northwest Coast. In 1810 Brown rescued the Russian survivors of '' Sv. Nikolai'' ("St. Nicholas"), which had wrecked on the Olympic Peninsula in No ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicoleño Language
The Nicoleño language is an extinct language formerly spoken on San Nicolas Island by the Nicoleño. It went extinct with Juana Maria's death in 1853. Its extant remnants consist only of four words and two songs attributed to her. This evidence was recorded by non-speakers, as contemporary accounts are clear that no one could be found who could understand Juana Maria. The four Nicoleño words that were translated were , meaning "animal hide"; , meaning "man"; , meaning "sky"; and , meaning "body". Based on this limited evidence, Alfred L. Kroeber in 1907 identified Nicoleño as a " Shoshonean language" – and classified it with the Takic branch of Uto-Aztecan that includes Tongva The Tongva ( ) are an Indigenous peoples of California, Indigenous people of California from the Los Angeles Basin and the Channel Islands of California, Southern Channel Islands, an area covering approximately . In the precolonial era, the peop ... (Gabrieliño), spoken on Santa Catalina Isla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
San Nicolas Island
San Nicolas Island (Spanish: ''Isla de San Nicolás''; Tongva: ''Haraasnga'') is the most remote of the Channel Islands, off Southern California, from the nearest point on the mainland coast. It is part of Ventura County. The island is currently controlled by the United States Navy and is used as a weapons testing and training facility, served by Naval Outlying Landing Field San Nicolas Island. The uninhabited island is defined by the United States Census Bureau as Block Group 9, Census Tract 36.04 of Ventura County, California. The Nicoleño Native American tribe inhabited the island until 1835. As of the 2000 U.S. Census, the island has since remained officially uninhabited, though the census estimates that at least 200 military and civilian personnel live on the island at any given time. The island has a small airport, though the runway is the second-longest in Ventura County (slightly behind the one at Naval Air Station Point Mugu). Additionally, there are several buil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aleut People
Aleuts ( ; (west) or (east) ) are the Indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands, which are located between the North Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. Both the Aleuts and the islands are politically divided between the US state of Alaska and the Russian administrative division of Kamchatka Krai. This group is also known as the Unangax̂ in Unangam Tunuu, the Aleut language. There are 13 federally recognized Aleut tribes in the Aleut Region of Alaska. In 2000, Aleuts in Russia were recognized by government decree as a small-numbered Indigenous people. Etymology In the Aleut language, they are known by the endonyms Unangan (eastern dialect) and Unangas (western dialect); both terms mean "people". The Russian term "Aleut" was a general term used for both the native population of the Aleutian Islands and their neighbors to the east in the Kodiak Archipelago, who were also referred to as "Pacific Eskimos" or Sugpiat/Alutiit. Language Aleut people speak Unangam Tunuu, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Channel Islands Of California
The Channel Islands () are an eight-island archipelago located within the Southern California Bight in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of California. They define the Santa Barbara Channel between the islands and the California mainland. The four Northern Channel Islands are part of the Transverse Ranges geologic province, and the four Southern Channel Islands are part of the Peninsular Ranges province. Five of the islands are within the Channel Islands National Park. The waters surrounding these islands make up Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. The Nature Conservancy was instrumental in establishing the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. There is evidence that humans have lived on the Northen Channel Islands for thousands of years. Radiocarbon dating shows that there was a continuous human presence between 8000-11000 years ago. The islands were inhabited primarily by two different Native American groups, the Chumash people, Chumash, and the Tongva people, Ton ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
George Nidever
George Nidever (also spelled Nidiver; December 20, 1802 – March 24, 1883) was an American mountain man, explorer, fur trapper, memoirist and sailor. In the 1830s he became one of the first wave of American settlers to move to Mexican California, where he made his living in fur trapping. In 1853 he led the expedition that rescued Juana Maria, the last member of the Nicoleño people, from San Nicolas Island where she had been living alone for eighteen years. Toward the end of his life Nidever wrote a memoir, ''Life and Adventures of George Nidever'', which was popular at the end of the 19th century. Adventures Nidever was born in Tennessee, and was of German descent. At 28 he joined a hunting and trapping party in 1830 at Fort Smith, Arkansas that also included Isaac Graham and Job Francis Dye; after a year spent adventuring from Missouri to Texas the core of the party reached Taos in 1831. That fall they set out for the headwaters of the Arkansas River. Nidever took part in the b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acjachemen
The Acjachemen () are an Indigenous people of California. Published maps often identify their ancestral lands as extending from the beach to the mountains, south from what is now known as Aliso Creek (Orange County), Aliso Creek in Orange County, California, Orange County to Las Pulgas Canyon in the northwestern part of San Diego County, California, San Diego County. However, sources also show that Acjachemen people shared sites with other Indigenous nations as far north as Puvunga in contemporary Long Beach. The Acjachemen language does not have any fluent speakers. It is closely related to the Luiseño language still spoken by the neighboring Payómkawichum (Luiseño) people. Name Spanish colonists called the Acjachemen Juaneños, following their conversion to Christianity at Mission San Juan Capistrano in the late 18th century. Today, many contemporary members of organizations for Acjachemen descendants prefer the term ''Acjachemen'' as their autonym, or name for themselves. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian–American Company
The Russian-American Company Under the High Patronage of His Imperial Majesty was a state-sponsored chartered company formed largely on the basis of the United American Company. Emperor Paul I of Russia chartered the company in the Ukase of 1799. It had the mission of establishing new settlements in Russian America, conducting trade with natives, and carrying out an expanded colonization program. Russia's first joint-stock company, it came under the direct authority of the Ministry of Commerce of Imperial Russia. Count Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev (Minister of Commerce from 1802 to 1811; Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1808 to 1814) exercised a pivotal influence upon the early activities of the company. In 1801 the company's headquarters moved from Irkutsk to Saint Petersburg, and the merchants who were initially the major stockholders were soon replaced with Russia's nobility and aristocracy. Count Rumyantsev funded Russia's first naval circumnavigation of the globe under t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mission San Gabriel Arcángel
Mission San Gabriel Arcángel () is a Californian mission and historic landmark in San Gabriel, California. It was founded by the Spanish Empire on the Nativity of Mary September 8, 1771, as the fourth of what would become twenty-one Spanish missions in California. San Gabriel Arcángel was named after the Archangel Gabriel and often referred to as the "Godmother of the Pueblo of Los Angeles." The mission was designed by Antonio Cruzado, who gave the building its capped buttresses and the tall narrow windows, which are unique among the missions of the California chain. It was completed in 1805. A large stone cross stands in the center of the ''Campo Santo'' (cemetery), first consecrated in 1778 and then again on January 29, 1939. It serves as the final resting place for some 6,000 neophytes. According to Spanish legend, the founding expedition was confronted by a large group of native Tongva peoples whose intention was to drive the strangers away. One of the priests laid a pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
San Francisco Bay
San Francisco Bay (Chochenyo language, Chochenyo: 'ommu) is a large tidal estuary in the United States, U.S. state of California, and gives its name to the San Francisco Bay Area. It is dominated by the cities of San Francisco, California, San Francisco, San Jose, California, San Jose, and Oakland, California, Oakland. The San Francisco Bay drains water from approximately 40 percent of California. Water from the Sacramento River, Sacramento and San Joaquin River, San Joaquin rivers, and from the Sierra Nevada mountains, flow into Suisun Bay, which then travels through the Carquinez Strait to meet with the Napa River at the entrance to San Pablo Bay, which connects at its south end to San Francisco Bay. It then connects to the Pacific Ocean via the Golden Gate strait. However, this entire group of interconnected bays is often called the ''San Francisco Bay''. The bay was designated a Ramsar Convention, Ramsar Wetland of International Importance on February 2, 2013, and the Port ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
