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Nationalization In Poland
After the end of World War II, the Communist government in Poland instituted large scale nationalizations in Poland starting in 1944. Various forms of nationalization in Poland had been suggested by socialist parties and politicians during the era of the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939). Following the communist takeover of Poland in the aftermath of World War II, the new communist government issued a number of decrees nationalizing significant parts of Polish property in the years 1944–1956. Interwar Poland Following the restoration of Polish independence in 1918, a number of primarily socialist parties and politicians (e.g. the Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie", Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland of Ignacy Daszyński) issued promises of nationalization. As the politics and government of Poland stabilized, nationalization policy lost its support, and the March Constitution of 1921 contained property-protecting provisions that made nationalization di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939. The state was established in the final stage of World War I. The Second Republic was taken over in 1939, after it was invaded by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and the Slovak Republic, marking the beginning of the European theatre of the Second World War. The Polish government-in-exile was established in Paris and later London after the fall of France in 1940. When, after several regional conflicts, most importantly the victorious Polish-Soviet war, the borders of the state were finalized in 1922, Poland's neighbours were Czechoslovakia, Germany, the Free City of Danzig, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania, and the Soviet Union. It had access to the Baltic Sea via a short strip of coastline known as the Polish Corridor on either side of the city of Gdynia. Between March and August 1939, Poland a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alior Bank
Alior Bank SA is a universal bank in Poland founded in 2008. It has been a subsidiary of insurance company PZU, PZU SA since 2015 and forms the 10th largest banking group in the country, with more than 8,143 employees as of the end of 2019. It is listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) and is a component of the WIG30 stock market index. History Founded in 2008 by an Italian group Carlo Tassara, the bank debuted on Warsaw Stock Exchange in 2012 with an offering valued at 2.1 billion Polish złoty, the highest in the exchange's history. In 2014, Alior's stock price became part of WIG20 index. In 2013, the bank attracted controversy when its deputy president mentioned that the bank considers collecting big data of its customers, pulling information from online social networks etc. Since 2015, the bank commenced a series of mergers and acquisitions, most notably acquiring Meritum Bank (2015) and Bank BPH (2016). In autumn 2014, Alior Bank purchased 97.9% of Meritum Bank. On 19 Fe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reprivatisation Fraud In Warsaw
The reprivatisation fraud in Warsaw happened on a massive scale during the , which was performed after the fall of the Communist Poland to reverse the post-World War II Bierut Decree, nationalisation of the land in the city. A particularly notable affair regarding a lot on Chmielna Street in the downtown of Warsaw was uncovered after a series of investigative journalism, investigative reports published by ''Gazeta Wyborcza'' in 2016. (This had earned the journalists the Grand Press 2016 award, the highest award for journalism in Poland and several other awards. ) In 2017 the Polish government established a dedicated ; as of July 2018 the Commission has reversed over a dozen of the decisions, but some of its rulings have led to further controversies and several trials. See also * Miasto Jest Nasze#Activity, Miasto Jest Nasze * Property restitution in Poland References Corruption in Poland 21st century in Warsaw Economic history of Warsaw 2010s in Warsaw {{Poland-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Repurposing
Repurposing is the process by which an object with one use value is transformed or redeployed as an object with an alternative use value. Description Repurposing is as old as human civilization, with many contemporary scholars investigating how different societies re-appropriate the artifacts of older cultures in new and creative ways. More recently, repurposing has been celebrated by 21st century hobbyists and arts-and-crafts organizations such as Instructables and other Maker culture communities as a means of creatively responding to the ecological and economic crises of the 21st century. Recent scholarship has attempted to relate these activities to American left- and right-libertarianism. Repurposing is the use of a tool being re-channeled into being another tool, usually for a purpose unintended by the original tool-maker. Typically, repurposing is done using items usually considered to be junk, garbage, or obsolete. A good example of this would be the Earthship style of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reprivatization
Reprivatization refers to the process of restoring properties seized or otherwise nationalized from privately held owners by a government to privately held status. This may include returning seized property or compensating uncompensated former owners, or reprivatizing state held enterprises to new owners, especially banks, which were privately founded but came under state control due to economic crisis or other factors. The latter scenario is sometimes referred to as privatization, though scholars have specifically referred to the sale of nationalized Mexican and Korean banks to private shareholders as reprivatization. The terms reprivatization and privatization are sometimes used to describe similar processes. The term privatization is more often used to describe the transfer of property under long-term government control to private owners, while reprivatization implies the property being returned to privately held status came under government control on a circumstantial basis. Bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PGE Polska Grupa Energetyczna
PGE Polska Grupa Energetyczna S.A. (PGE SA or PGE Group, the name can be translated as ''Polish Energy Group'') is a state-owned public power company and the largest power producing company in Poland. PGE is listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the WIG30 index. The group is largely controlled by the Polish State Treasury who as of 9 July 2014 owns 58.39% of the public limited company. In addition to the activities of its core businesses of central and holdings companies in the generation and distribution of electricity, the group also trades electricity and other relevant products on the market. The total company revenue for 2015 was 28.542 billion złoty and the company made a net income loss of 3.032 billion złoty. History The company was founded as Polskie Sieci Elektroenergetyczne S.A. (translates as ''Polish Electrical Power Lines Share Company'') in 1990. In 2007 the Transmission System Operator division ( PSE-Operator) was separated from the PSE ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CVC Capital Partners
CVC Capital Partners plc is a Jersey-based private equity and investment advisory firm with approximately €186 billion of assets under management and approximately €157 billion in secured commitments since inception across American, European, and Asian private equity, secondaries, credit funds and infrastructure. As of 31 December 2021, the funds managed or advised by CVC are invested in more than 100 companies worldwide, employing over 450,000 people in numerous countries. CVC was founded in 1981 and, as of 31 March 2022, has over 850 employees working across its network of 25 offices throughout EMEA, Asia and the Americas. In 2023, it raised the largest ever raised private equity fund globally at €26 billion. In June 2024, CVC Capital Partners ranked fourth in Private Equity International's PEI 300 ranking among the world's largest private equity firms. History By the early 1990s, Michael Smith, who joined Citicorp in 1982, was leading Citicorp Venture Capital in Europ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PKP Energetyka
PGE Energetyka Kolejowa S.A., until 2023 PKP Energetyka S.A. is the cross-country electricity distributor to the Polish railway network and other business customers. It also provides nationwide maintenance and emergency response services to the railway network, operates fuel stations for diesel locomotives and is active in electricity and gas reselling. It owns 20,000 km of distribution network and operates a fleet of highly specialised trains and rail equipment across Poland. It was created in 2001 as the result of the division of Polskie Koleje Państwowe (Poland's state-owned railway company) into several dozen companies to prepare the ground for privatisation in line with advice that the Polish government had received from the World Bank. PKP Group originally planned to privatise PKP Energetyka in 2011, and sold it to CVC Capital Partners for 1.965 billion PLN (~525 million USD) in September 2015. In late 2022, it was reported that the Polish PiS government might buy b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jarosław Kaczyński
Jarosław Aleksander Kaczyński (born 18 June 1949) is a Polish politician. He co-founded the Law and Justice (PiS) party in 2001 with his twin brother, Lech Kaczyński, and has served as its leader since 2003. He served as Prime Minister of Poland from 2006 to 2007, and has twice held the post of Deputy Prime Minister of Poland, first from 2020 to 2022, and a second time from June to November 2023. Jaroslaw Kaczyński as a student took part in protest during the 1968 Polish political crisis, March 1968 political crisis. Subsequently, he became involved in the anti-communist opposition as a collaborator of Workers' Defence Committee, KOR and KSS-KOR, KSS KOR. He took part in the protests in Gdańsk Agreement#Strikes of 1980, August 1980 when he was arrested, then joined the Solidarity (Polish trade union), Solidarity movement. In 1982 he became a member of the Polish Helsinki Committee for Human Rights, Helsinki Committee. He took part in the 1988 Polish strikes, 1988 strikes. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grupa Lotos
Grupa Lotos S.A. was a vertically integrated oil company based in Gdańsk, in northern Poland. The company was listed in the Polish index WIG30. The Polish state was the majority shareholder with 53% percent. The company's main activity branches were: crude oil production, refining and marketing of oil products. The company was a leader in lubricants on the Polish market. Grupa Lotos was a producer of unleaded gasoline, diesel, fuel oils, aviation fuels, motor and industrial lubricants, bitumens and waxes. In 2018 the Polish oil refiner and retailer PKN Orlen announced its intent to acquire the company. The merger approval from the European Commission required significant asset divestments by both companies and is expected to reach closing in June or July 2022. On August 1, Orlen finalised the merger with Lotos. Consolidation Grupa Lotos was a holding composed of Grupa Lotos - the parent undertaking which manages the refinery in Gdańsk - and 18 direct subsidiaries, inclu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
