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Muslim Feminist Views On Hijab
Islamic feminist views on dress codes include views on issues surrounding women's dress codes in Islam, especially on the hijab and niqāb. Hijab traditionally refers to a type of veiling which covers the skin from the hair to the chest. Niqāb refers to a cloth that covers the face as a part of sartorial hijab. There are mixed opinions among Muslim feminists regarding the merits of veiling. Quran The Qur'an states that men and women should be dressed modestly (33:59-60, 24:30-31; in translation by Ali, 1988, 1126–27). However, it does not use the words ''veil'', ''hijab'', ''burqa'', ''chador'', or ''abaya''. Instead, it uses the words '' jilbab'' (cloak) and ''khumur'' (shawl). These garments do not cover the face, hands, or feet. Interpretations Interpretations of how women should dress vary according to different cultures, geographic areas, and sects of Islam. Sufi groups such as Al-Ahbash, for example, do not make it mandatory for women to wear traditional Islamic cl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hijab Niqab Muslim Veil
Hijab (, ) refers to head coverings worn by Women in Islam, Muslim women. Similar to the mitpaḥat/tichel or Snood (headgear), snood worn by religious married Jewish women, certain Christian head covering, headcoverings worn by some Christian women, such as the hanging veil, apostolnik and Kapp (headcovering), kapp, and the dupatta favored by many Hindus, Hindu and Sikhs, Sikh women, the hijab comes in various forms. The term describes a scarf that is wrapped around the head, covering the hair, neck, and ears while leaving the face visible. The use of the hijab has grown globally since the 1970s, with many Muslims viewing it as a symbol of modesty and faith; it is also worn as a form of adornment. There is consensus among Islamic religious scholars that covering the head is required. In practice, most Muslim women choose to wear it. The term was originally used to denote a partition and was sometimes used for Haya (Islam), Islamic rules of modesty. In the verses of the Qur'an, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
September 11 Attacks
The September 11 attacks, also known as 9/11, were four coordinated Islamist terrorist suicide attacks by al-Qaeda against the United States in 2001. Nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners, crashing the first two into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City and the third into the Pentagon (headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense) in Arlington County, Virginia. The fourth plane crashed in a rural Pennsylvania field during a passenger revolt. The attacks killed 2,977 people, making it the deadliest terrorist attack in history. In response to the attacks, the United States waged the global war on terror over multiple decades to eliminate hostile groups deemed terrorist organizations, as well as the foreign governments purported to support them. Ringleader Mohamed Atta flew American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center complex at 8:46 a.m. Seventeen minutes later at 9:03 a.m., United Airlines Flig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neocolonialism
Neocolonialism is the control by a state (usually, a former colonial power) over another nominally independent state (usually, a former colony) through indirect means. The term ''neocolonialism'' was first used after World War II to refer to the continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries, but its meaning soon broadened to apply, more generally, to places where the power of developed countries was used to produce a colonial-like exploitation. Neocolonialism takes the form of economic imperialism, globalization, cultural imperialism and conditional aid to influence or control a developing country instead of the previous colonial methods of direct military control or indirect political control ( hegemony). Neocolonialism differs from standard globalisation and development aid in that it typically results in a relationship of dependence, subservience, or financial obligation towards the neocolonialist nation. Coined by the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algeria
Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Algeria–Niger border, the southeast by Niger; to Algeria–Western Sahara border, the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to Algeria–Morocco border, the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. The capital and List of cities in Algeria, largest city is Algiers, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast. Inhabited since prehistory, Algeria has been at the crossroads of numerous cultures and civilisations, including the Phoenicians, Numidians, Ancient Rome, Romans, Vandals, and Byzantine Greeks. Its modern identity is rooted in centuries of Arab migrations to the Maghreb, Arab Muslim migration waves since Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, the seventh century and the subsequent Arabization, Arabisation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Education In France
Education in France is organized in a highly centralized manner, with many subdivisions. It is divided into the three stages of primary education (''enseignement primaire''), secondary education (''enseignement secondaire''), and higher education (''enseignement supérieur''). Two year olds do not start primary school, they start preschool. Then, by the age of six, a child in France starts primary school and soon moves into higher and higher grade levels until they graduate. In French higher education, the following degrees are recognized by the Bologna Process (EU recognition): ''Licence'' and ''Licence Professionnelle'' (bachelor's degrees), and the comparably named ''Master'' and ''Doctorat'' degrees. The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD in 2018 ranked the overall knowledge and skills of French 15-year-olds as 26th in the world in reading literacy, mathematics, and science, below the OECD average of 493.https://www.oecd.org/pisa/Combin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laïcité
(; 'secularism') is the constitutional principle of secularism in France. Article 1 of the French Constitution is commonly interpreted as the separation of civil society and religious society. It discourages religious involvement in government affairs, especially in the determination of state policies as well as the recognition of a state religion. It also forbids government involvement in religious affairs, and especially prohibits government influence in the determination of religion, such that it includes a right to the free exercise of religion. French secularism has a long history: Enlightenment thinkers emphasized reason and self direction. Revolutionaries in 1789 violently overthrew the ''Ancien Régime,'' which included the Catholic Church. Secularism was an important ideology during the Second French Empire, Second Empire and French Third Republic, Third Republic. For the last century, the French government policy has been based on the 1905 French law on the Separati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islamic Scarf Controversy In France
In France, there is an ongoing social, political, and legal debate concerning the wearing of the hijab and other forms of Islamic coverings in public. The cultural framework of the controversy can be traced to France's history of colonization in North Africa, but escalated into a significant public debate in 1989 when three girls were suspended from school for refusing to remove their headscarves. That incident, referred to in France as ''l'affaire du foulard'' (the scarf affair) or ''l'affaire du voile'' (the veil affair), initially focused the controversy on the wearing of the hijab in French public schools. Because of the wide-ranging social debates caused by the controversy, ''l'affaire du foulard'' has been compared to the Dreyfus affair in its impact on French culture. Since 1989, the debate has grown to include the wearing of Islamic coverings on public beaches, when playing sports, and by politicians. The larger debate involves the concept of ''laïcité'' (secularis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hédi M'henni
Hédi M'henni (; 24 December 1942 – 9 July 2024) was a Tunisian politician. He served as minister of the interior (2002–2004) and minister of defence Defense or defence may refer to: Tactical, martial, and political acts or groups * Defense (military), forces primarily intended for warfare * Civil defense, the organizing of civilians to deal with emergencies or enemy attacks * Defense indust ... (2004–2005). M'henni died on 9 July 2024, at the age of 81. References 1942 births 2024 deaths 21st-century Tunisian politicians Interior ministers of Tunisia Defence ministers of Tunisia {{Tunisia-politician-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fadela Amara
Fadela Amara (born Fatiha Amara on 25 April 1964) is a French feminist and politician, who began her political life as an advocate for women in the impoverished ''banlieues''. She was the Secretary of State for Urban Policies in the liberal Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) government of French Prime Minister François Fillon. She is a former president of the organisation '' Ni Putes Ni Soumises''. Biography Amara was born to Algerian Berber Kabyle parents in an emergency housing district of Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme, which she later described as a shanty-town. The neighbourhood was mostly populated by immigrants from the Maghreb. She was born into a family of eleven children, having four sisters and six brothers. Her father worked as a labourer during the week and in the markets on the weekend, while her mother was a housewife. Despite not being well off, Amara's father sent money back to his home village in Algeria and kept some more aside for the poor of the dist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mullahs
Mullah () is an honorific title for Muslim clergy and mosque leaders. The term is widely used in Iran and Afghanistan and is also used for a person who has higher education in Islamic theology and sharia law. The title has also been used in some Mizrahi and Sephardic Jewish communities in reference to the community's leadership, especially its religious leadership. Etymology The word ''mullah'' is derived from the Persian word ''mullā'' (), itself borrowed from the Arabic word ''mawlā'' (), meaning "master" and "guardian", with mutation of the initial short vowels. Usage Historical usage The term has also been used among Iranian Jews, Bukharian Jews, and Afghan Jews to refer to the community's religious and/or secular leadership. In Kaifeng, China, the historic Chinese Jews who managed the synagogue were called "mullahs". Modern usage It is the term commonly used for village or neighborhood mosque leaders, who may not have high levels of religious education, in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World Hijab Day
World Hijab Day is an annual event founded by Nazma Khan in 2013, taking place on 1 February each year in 140 countries worldwide. Its stated purpose is to encourage women of all religions and backgrounds to wear and experience the hijab for a day and to educate and spread awareness on why hijab is worn. Nazma Khan said her goal was also to promote wider acceptance of hijab wearing as well as combating religious discrimination. Background The hijab is a type of head covering worn by many Muslim women as a sign of modesty. Hijab comes in various forms. Hijab-wearing Muslim women face both overt and covert discrimination in job applications and workplace environments, with covert bias often resulting in more hostile treatment.Ahmad, A. S., King, E. B.(2010). An experimental field study of interpersonal discrimination toward Muslim job applicants. ''Personnel Psychology'', ''63''(4), 881–906 Nazma Khan, a Bangladeshi-American, launched World Hijab Day (WHD) in 2013. She sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luce Irigaray
Luce Irigaray (; born 3 May 1930) is a Belgian-born French feminist, philosopher, linguist, psycholinguist, psychoanalyst, and cultural theorist who examines the uses and misuses of language in relation to women. Irigaray's first and most well known book, published in 1974, was ''Speculum of the Other Woman'' (1974), which analyzes the texts of Freud, Hegel, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, and Kant through the lens of phallocentrism. Irigaray is the author of works analyzing many thinkers, including ''This Sex Which Is Not One'' (1977), which discusses Lacan's work as well as political economy; ''Elemental Passions'' (1982) can be read as a response to Merleau‐Ponty's article “The Intertwining—The Chiasm” in ''The Visible and the Invisible'', and in ''The Forgetting of Air in Martin Heidegger'' (1999), Irigaray critiques Heidegger's emphasis on the element of earth as the ground of life and speech and his "oblivion" or forgetting of air. Irigaray employs three ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
