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Mucor Pseudolusitanicus
''Mucor'' is a microbial genus of approximately 40 species of molds and dimorphic fungi in the family Mucoraceae. The genus includes both pathogenic and avirulent species, and some members of it can be utilized in biotechnical applications. These fungi are commonly found in soil, digestive systems, plant surfaces, some cheeses like Tomme de Savoie, rotten vegetable matter and iron oxide residue in the biosorption process. Description Colonies of this fungal genus are typically yellow, beige or grey. They are characterized by rapid growth and sporulation in high aw environments, and they reproduce both sexually and asexually. ''Mucor'' spores or sporangiospores can be simple or branched and form apical, globular sporangia that are supported and elevated by a column-shaped columella. ''Mucor'' species can be differentiated from molds of the genera ''Absidia'', '' Rhizomucor'', and ''Rhizopus'' by the shape and insertion of the columella, and the lack of stolons and rhizoids. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mucor Mucedo
''Mucor mucedo'', commonly known as the common pinmould, is a fungal plant pathogen and member of the phylum Mucoromycota and the genus ''Mucor''. Commonly found on soil, dung, water, plants and moist foods, ''Mucor mucedo'' is a saprotrophic fungus found world-wide with 85 known strains. It is often mistaken for ''Rhizopus'' rots on fruits (i.e. strawberries) due to similar mould growth shape and colour. Contrastingly, however, ''Mucor mucedo'' is found to grow on a wide range of stored grains and plants, including cucumber and tomato. Discovered in Italy in 1729 by Pier Antonio Micheli, P.A. Micheli and later noted by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 in the ''Species Plantarum'', ''Mucor mucedo'' was originally classified as ''Mucor vulgaris'' by Micheli but later classified synonymous under name ''Mucor mucedo''. The species was redescribed as ''Ascophora mucedo'' by H.J. Tode in 1790 but this type resided in a stoloniferous habitat and was later made the type of new genus ''Rhizopus''. G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Absidia
''Absidia'' is a genus of fungi in the family Cunninghamellaceae. ''Absidia'' species are ubiquitous in most environments where they are often associated with warm decaying plant matter, such as compost heaps. Some species in the genus can cause phycomycosis. Taxonomy The genus was first described in 1878 by Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem. Species The genus includes the following species: * '' Absidia aegyptiaca'' * '' Absidia anomala'' * '' Absidia atrospora'' * '' Absidia caerulea'' * '' Absidia californica'' * '' Absidia clavata'' * '' Absidia cuneospora'' * '' Absidia cylindrospora'' * '' Absidia dubia'' * '' Absidia fassatiae'' * '' Absidia glauca'' * '' Absidia griseola'' * '' Absidia heterospora'' * ''Absidia idahoensis'' * '' Absidia inflata'' * '' Absidia macrospora'' * '' Absidia narayanai'' * ''Absidia pseudocylindrospora ''Absidia'' is a genus of fungi in the family Cunninghamellaceae. ''Absidia'' species are ubiquitous in most environments where they are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immunodeficiency
Immunodeficiency, also known as immunocompromise, is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases are acquired ("secondary") due to extrinsic factors that affect the patient's immune system. Examples of these extrinsic factors include HIV infection and environmental factors, such as nutrition. Immunocompromisation may also be due to genetic diseases/flaws such as SCID. In clinical settings, immunosuppression by some drugs, such as steroids, can either be an adverse effect or the intended purpose of the treatment. Examples of such use is in organ transplant surgery as an anti- rejection measure and in patients with an overactive immune system, as in autoimmune diseases. Some people are born with intrinsic defects in their immune system, or primary immunodeficiency. A person who has an immunodeficiency of any kind is said to be immunocompromised. An immunocompromised individual may par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mucormycosis
Mucormycosis, also known as black fungus, is a severe fungal infection that comes under fulminant fungal sinusitis, usually in people who are immunocompromised. It is curable only when diagnosed early. Symptoms depend on where in the body the infection occurs. It most commonly infects the nose, sinuses, eyes and brain resulting in a runny nose, one-sided facial swelling and pain, headache, fever, blurred vision, bulging or displacement of the eye (proptosis), and tissue death. Other forms of disease may infect the lungs, stomach and intestines, and skin. The fatality rate is about 54%. It is spread by spores of molds of the order Mucorales, most often through inhalation, contaminated food, or contamination of open wounds. These fungi are common in soils, decomposing organic matter (such as rotting fruit and vegetables), and animal manure, but usually do not affect people. It is not transmitted between people. Risk factors include diabetes with persistently high blo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mucor Hiemalis
''Mucor hiemalis'' is among the zygosporic fungi found in unspoiled foods. It has different industrial importance as biotransforming agents of pharmacological and chemical compounds. Morphology and cell structure ''Mucor hiemalis'' grows in expanding gray colonies. It grows branched sporangiophores that yielding yellow to dark brown sporangia which can mate to form black-brown, spiny zygospores. Physiology ''Mucor hiemalis'' is nitrate positive and requires thiamin to grow. References External links Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database Fungal plant pathogens and diseases Mucoraceae Fungi described in 1903 Fungus species {{fungus-plant-disease-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mucor Circinelloides
''Mucor circinelloides'' is a dimorphic fungus belonging to the Order Mucorales (Phylum Mucoromycota). It has a worldwide distribution, found mostly in soil, dung and root vegetables. This species is described as not known to be able to produce mycotoxins, however it has been frequently reported to infect animals such as cattle and swine, as well as fowl, platypus and occasionally humans. Ketoacidotic patients are particularly at risk for infection by ''M. circinelloides''. History and taxonomy ''Mucor circinelloides'' is one of the common species in the genus ''Mucor''. ''Mucor circinelloides'' is a variable species that include several variants such as; ''M. circinelloides'' f. ''circinelloides''; ''M. circinelloides'' f. ''lusitanicus''; ''M. circinelloides'' f. ''griseocyanus'' and ''M. circinelloides'' f. ''janssenii''. Growth and morphology ''Mucor circinelloides'' reproduce both asexually and sexually. The asexual sporangiophores are found as two types: elongate and sy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endothermic
An endothermic process is a chemical or physical process that absorbs heat from its surroundings. In terms of thermodynamics, it is a thermodynamic process with an increase in the enthalpy (or internal energy ) of the system.Oxtoby, D. W; Gillis, H.P., Butler, L. J. (2015). ''iarchive:principlesofmode0000oxto, Principle of Modern Chemistry'', Brooks Cole. p. 617. In an endothermic process, the heat that a system absorbs is thermal energy transfer into the system. Thus, an endothermic reaction generally leads to an increase in the temperature of the system and a decrease in that of the surroundings. The term was coined by 19th-century French chemist Marcellin Berthelot. The term ''endothermic'' comes from the Greek language, Greek ἔνδον (''endon'') meaning 'within' and θερμ- (''therm'') meaning 'hot' or 'warm'. An endothermic process may be a chemical process, such as dissolving ammonium nitrate () in water (), or a physical process, such as the melting of ice cubes. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meiosis
Meiosis () is a special type of cell division of germ cells in sexually-reproducing organisms that produces the gametes, the sperm or egg cells. It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells, each with only one copy of each chromosome (haploid). Additionally, prior to the division, genetic material from the paternal and maternal copies of each chromosome is crossed over, creating new combinations of code on each chromosome. Later on, during fertilisation, the haploid cells produced by meiosis from a male and a female will fuse to create a zygote, a cell with two copies of each chromosome. Errors in meiosis resulting in aneuploidy (an abnormal number of chromosomes) are the leading known cause of miscarriage and the most frequent genetic cause of developmental disabilities. In meiosis, DNA replication is followed by two rounds of cell division to produce four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karyogamy
Karyogamy is the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells, and refers specifically to the fusion of the two cell nucleus, nuclei. Before karyogamy, each haploid cell has one complete copy of the organism's genome. In order for karyogamy to occur, the cell membrane and cytoplasm of each cell must fuse with the other in a process known as plasmogamy. Once within the joined cell membrane, the nuclei are referred to as pronucleus, pronuclei. Once the cell membranes, cytoplasm, and pronuclei fuse, the resulting single cell is diploid, containing two copies of the genome. This diploid cell, called a zygote or zygospore can then enter meiosis (a process of chromosome duplication, recombination, and division, to produce four new haploid cells), or continue to divide by mitosis. Mammalian fertilization uses a comparable process to combine haploid sperm and egg cells (gametes) to create a diploid fertilized egg. The term karyogamy comes from the Ancient Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uninucleate
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Chlamydospore
A chlamydospore is the thick-walled large resting spore of several kinds of fungi, including Ascomycota such as '' Candida'', Basidiomycota such as '' Panus'', and various Mortierellales species. It is the life-stage which survives in unfavourable conditions, such as dry or hot seasons. '' Fusarium oxysporum'' which causes the plant disease Fusarium wilt is one which forms chlamydospores in response to stresses like nutrient depletion. Mycelia of the pathogen can survive in this manner and germinate in favorable conditions. Chlamydospores are usually dark-coloured, spherical, and have a smooth (non-ornamented) surface. They are multicellular, with cells connected by pores in the septae between cells. Chlamydospores are a result of asexual reproduction (in which case they are conidia called chlamydoconidia) or sexual reproduction (rare). Teliospores are special kind of chlamydospores formed by rusts and smuts. File:Candida pseudohyphae, chlamydospores, blastospores.png, Ps ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhizoid
Rhizoids are protuberances that extend from the lower epidermal cells of bryophytes and algae. They are similar in structure and function to the root hairs of vascular land plants. Similar structures are formed by some fungi. Rhizoids may be unicellular or multicellular. Evolutionary development Plants originated in aquatic environments and gradually migrated to land during their long course of evolution. In water or near it, plants could absorb water from their surroundings, with no need for any special absorbing organ or tissue. Additionally, in the primitive states of plant development, tissue differentiation and division of labor were minimal, thus specialized water-absorbing tissue was not required. The development of specialized tissues to absorb water efficiently and anchor the plant body to the ground enabled the spread of plants onto land. Description Rhizoids absorb water mainly by capillary action in which water moves up between threads of rhizoids; this is in co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
