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Mubāḥ
''Mubāḥ'' (Arabic language, Arabic: مباح) is an Arabic word roughly meaning "permitted", which has technical uses in Sharia, Islamic law. "Mubah" is an Fiqh, Islamic jurisprudential term that refers to an action for which a person has no specific obligation. Consequently, performing or abstaining from it is considered equally permissible, and neither action results in reward or punishment from the perspective of Allah, God in Islam. In uṣūl al-fiqh (), ''mubāḥ'' is one of the five degrees of approval (ahkam): # () - compulsory, obligatory # () - recommended # () - neutral, not involving God's judgment # () - disliked, reprehensible # () - forbidden Mubah is commonly translated as "neutral" or "permitted" in English., "indifferent" or "(merely) permitted". It refers to an action that is not Fard, mandatory, Mustahabb, recommended, Makruh, reprehensible or Haram, forbidden, and thus involves no judgement from God in Islam, God. Assigning acts to this legal categor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic Language
Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns language codes to 32 varieties of Arabic, including its standard form of Literary Arabic, known as Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, but rather refer to both as ( "the eloquent Arabic") or simply ' (). Arabic is the List of languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language, third most widespread official language after English and French, one of six official languages of the United Nations, and the Sacred language, liturgical language of Islam. Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities around the wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Res Nullius
''Res nullius'' is a term of Roman law meaning "things belonging to no one"; that is, property not yet the object of rights of any specific subject. A person can assume ownership of ''res nullius'' simply by taking possession of it ''( occupatio)''. However, in ancient Rome, certain forms of ''res nullius'' could never be owned ('' res extra commercium'') because they were considered to belong either in common to all or to the divine rather than human ''dominium''. The use of ''res nullius'' as a legal concept continues in modern civil legal systems. Examples of ''res nullius'' are wild animals (''ferae naturae'') or abandoned property ('' res derelictae''). Finding can also be a means of ''occupatio'' (i.e. vesting ownership), since a thing completely lost or abandoned is ''res nullius'', and therefore belonged to the first taker. Specific legislation may be made, e.g. for beachcombing. Scope Wild animals In common law legal systems, forest laws, and game laws have spec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wakil
Vekil or Vakil was the term used for the deputies and ''de facto'' prime ministers of the Mughal Emperor in Mughal administration. He was considered the most powerful person after Emperor in the Mughal Empire. ''Vakil'' was one of the highest positions in the hierarchy of Safavid Iran, denoting the viceroy in the administrative and some religious affairs of the realm. While in the Ottoman Empire, the viziers were considered "absolute delegates" (vekil-i mutlak) of the Ottoman Sultan. Etymology Vakel or Vakil was the Arabic term used in the meaning of "representative" or "proxy". Wakil In Islamic law, a wakīl (), in older literature vakeel, is a deputy, delegate or agent who acts on behalf of a principal. It can refer to an attorney, a diplomat or the custodian of a mosque or religious order. ''Wakīl'' is also one of the names of God in Islam Names of God in Islam () are 99 names that each contain Attributes of God in Islam, which are implied by the respective names. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ulu'l-amr
In Islamic culture, the term ''ulu'l-amr'' () or uli'l-amr () refers to "those charged with authority or responsibility or decision, or the settlement of affairs". It is referenced in the 59th verse of the fourth chapter of the Qur'an, and outlines the necessity of Islamic followers to obey the control of Allah, Muhammad and those in authority as long as they too obey Allah and Muhammad. They are seen as the leaders and scholars of Islamic culture.كيف نفهم حديث رسولِ الله -صلَّى اللهُ عليه وسلَّم- بالسَّمع والطَّاعة لوليِّ الأمر حتى لو جلدَ ظهركَ، وأخذ مالَك ؟ موقع [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thawab
Thawāb, Sawab, Sevap, Hasanat or Ajr (, Hindi: सवाब ''saʋāb'', Bengali: সওয়াব ''sôwab'') is an Arabic term meaning "reward". Specifically, in the context of an Islamic worldview, ''thawāb'' refers to spiritual merit or reward that accrues from the performance of good deeds and piety based on the guidance of the Quran and the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad. Pronunciation The word ''thawāb'' is used throughout the Islamic world, so the spelling and pronunciation is slightly different from one region to another. In Kazakh society, for instance, it may be pronounced as "''sauap''", by Bengalis as "''suab''", "''sowab''", or "''swab''", in Iran as "''savob''", in India and Pakistan as "''sawab''". Among Kurds its pronounced "Sewab". In Bosnian and Turkish the word becomes ''sevap''. Activities for earning thawāb, or a reward Usually any and all good acts are considered to contribute towards earning sawāb, but for a Muslim there are certain acts that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taqiyya
In Islam, ''taqiyya'' ()R. STROTHMANN, MOKTAR DJEBLI. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "TAKIYYA", vol. 10, p. 134. Quote: "TAKIYYA "prudence, fear" ... denotes dispensing with the ordinances of religion in cases of constraint of preaching.". is the practice of dissimulation and secrecy of religious belief and practice, primarily in Shia Islam. Generally, ''taqiyya'' is regarded as the act of maintaining secrecy or mystifying one's beliefs when one's life or property is threatened. The practice of concealing one's beliefs has existed since the early days of Islam; early Muslims did so to avoid persecution or violence by non-Muslim governments or individuals. The use of ''taqiyya'' has varied in recent history, especially between Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims. Sunni Muslims gained political supremacy over time and therefore only occasionally found the need to practice ''taqiyya''. On the other hand, Shia Muslims, as well as Sufi Muslims developed ''taqiyya'' as a method o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zakat
Zakat (or Zakāh زكاة) is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Zakat is the Arabic word for "Giving to Charity" or "Giving to the Needy". Zakat is a form of almsgiving, often collected by the Muslim Ummah. It is considered in Islam a religious obligation, and by Quranic ranking, is next after prayer (''salat'') in importance. Eight heads of zakat are mentioned in the Quran. As one of the Five Pillars of Islam, zakat is a religious duty for all Muslims who meet the necessary criteria of wealth to help the needy. It is a mandatory charitable contribution, often considered to be a tax.Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan Ṭūsī (2010), ''Concise Description of Islamic Law and Legal Opinions'', , pp. 131–135. The payment and disputes on zakat have played a major role in the history of Islam, notably during the Ridda wars. Zakat on wealth is based on the value of all of one's possessions. It is customarily 2.5% (or ) of a Muslim's total savings and wealth above a minimum amount known ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khums
In Islam, khums ( ) is a tax on Muslims which obligates them to pay one-fifth (20%) of their acquired wealth from the spoils of war and, according to most Muslim jurists, other specified types of income, towards various designated beneficiaries. In Islamic legal terminology, "spoils of war" ('' al-ghanima'') refers to property and wealth looted by the Muslim army after battling with non-Muslims or raiding them. Khums is the first Islamic tax, which was imposed in 2 AH/624 CE, after the Battle of Badr. It is separate from other Islamic taxes such as zakat and jizya.Zafar Iqbal and Mervyn Lewis, An Islamic Perspective on Governance, , pp. 102-3 It is treated differently in Sunni and Shia Islam; key topics of debate include the types of wealth subject to khums, the methods of its collection and distribution, and the categories of recipients (''asnāf''). Historically, one-fifth of the spoils of war (i.e., the khums) was placed at the disposal of the Islamic prophet Muhammad wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibadah
''Ibadah'' (, ''‘ibādah'', also spelled ''ibada'') is an Arabic word meaning service or servitude. In Islam, ''ibadah'' is usually translated as “worship”, and ''ibadat''—the plural of ''ibadah''—refers to Islamic jurisprudence (''fiqh'') of Muslim religious rituals. Ibadah In Arabic ''ibadah'' is connected with related words such as ''ubudiyyah'' (“slavery”), and has connotations of obedience, submission, and humility. The word linguistically means "obedience with submission". In Islam, ''ibadah'' is usually translated as “worship” and means obedience, submission, and devotion to God. Other sources (noted Islamist author Abul A'la Maududi and others) give a broader definition of ''ibadah'', including keeping speech free “from filth, falsehood, malice, abuse”, and dishonesty, obeying Shariah law in “commercial and economic affairs” and in “dealings with your parents, relatives, friends”, and everyone else. Ibadat ''Ibadat'' () is the plu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hirabah
In Islamic law, ''Ḥirābah'' () is a legal category that comprises highway robbery (traditionally understood as aggravated robbery or grand larceny, unlike theft, which has a different punishment), rape, and terrorism. Ḥirābah means piracy or unlawful warfare. It comes from the triliteral root ''ḥrb'', which means “to become angry and enraged”. The noun ''ḥarb'' (, pl. ''ḥurūb'' ) means 'war' or 'wars'. Crane, Robert D., Hirabah versus Jihad, ''IFRI.org'' (Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc., 2006) ''Moharebeh'' (also spelled ''muharebeh'') is a Persian language term that is treated as interchangeable with ''ḥirabah'' in Arabic lexicons. The related term ''muḥārib'' () has been translated by English-language Iranian media as "enemy of God". In English-language media sources, moḥarebeh in Iran has been translated variously as "waging war against God," "war against God and the state," [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghanimah
In Islam, the spoils of war, also known as ''ghanimah'' (), refer to the wealth or property acquired by Muslims through jihad (warfare) against non-Muslims, including land, wealth, and material possessions like livestock, as well as captives. Etymology The term ghanimah is derived from the Arabic root that implies gain or profit, and it encompasses various forms of wealth, including material goods, land, and other resources captured during military campaigns. The concept of ghanimah has its roots in pre-Islamic Bedouin society, where raids ( ghazw) were a common practice for acquiring resources. Jurisprudence The rules for dividing the spoils date back to the Battle of Badr. The Quran explicitly addresses the distribution of ghanimah in Surah Al-Anfal (Chapter 8), where it is stated that one-fifth of the spoils (known as '' Khums'') belong to Allah and Muhammad, which is then used for community needs and distributed among specific groups such as the Prophet’s relatives, orp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
