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Minsk Family Of Computers
''Minsk'' was a family of Mainframe computer, mainframe computers that were developed and produced in the Byelorussian SSR from 1959 to 1975. Models The MINSK-1 was a vacuum-tube digital computer that went into production in 1960. The MINSK-2 was a solid-state digital computer that went into production in 1962. The MINSK-22 was a modified version of Minsk-2 that went into production in 1965. The MINSK-23 went into production in 1966. The most advanced model was ''Minsk-32'', developed in 1968. It supported COBOL, FORTRAN and ALGAMS (a version of ALGOL). This and earlier versions also used a machine-oriented language called ''AKI'' (''AvtoKod "Inzhener"'', i.e., "Engineer's Autocode"). It stood somewhere between the native assembly language ''SSK'' (''Sistema Simvolicheskogo Kodirovaniya'', or "System of symbolic coding") and higher-level languages, like FORTRAN. The word size was 31 bits for Minsk-1 and 37 bits for the other models. At one point the Minsk-222 (an upgraded pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minsk 22 Computer Controls
Minsk (, ; , ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach (Berezina), Svislach and the now subterranean Nyamiha, Niamiha rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk region and Minsk district. it has a population of about two million, making Minsk the Largest cities in Europe, 11th-most populous city in Europe. Minsk is one of the administrative capitals of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). First mentioned in 1067, Minsk became the capital of the Principality of Minsk, an appanage of the Principality of Polotsk, before being annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1242. It received town privileges in 1499. From 1569, it was the capital of Minsk Voivodeship, an administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was part of the territories annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793, as a consequence of the Second Part ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mainframe Computer
A mainframe computer, informally called a mainframe or big iron, is a computer used primarily by large organizations for critical applications like bulk data processing for tasks such as censuses, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and large-scale transaction processing. A mainframe computer is large but not as large as a supercomputer and has more processing power than some other classes of computers, such as minicomputers, server (computing), servers, workstations, and personal computers. Most large-scale computer-system architectures were established in the 1960s, but they continue to evolve. Mainframe computers are often used as servers. The term ''mainframe'' was derived from the large cabinet, called a ''main frame'', that housed the central processing unit and main computer memory, memory of early computers. Later, the term ''mainframe'' was used to distinguish high-end commercial computers from less powerful machines. Design Modern mainfr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Byelorussian SSR
The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR, Byelorussian SSR or Byelorussia; ; ), also known as Soviet Belarus or simply Belarus, was a republic of the Soviet Union (USSR). It existed between 1920 and 1922 as an independent state, and afterwards as one of fifteen constituent republics of the USSR from 1922 to 1991, with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991. The republic was ruled by the Communist Party of Byelorussia. It was also known as the ''White Russian Soviet Socialist Republic''. Following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918, which ended Russia's involvement in World War I, the Belarusian Democratic Republic (BDR) was proclaimed under German occupation; however, as German troops left, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia was established in its place by the Bolsheviks in December, and it was later merged with the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1919 to form the Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia, which ceased to ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Security Archive
The National Security Archive is a 501(c)(3) non-governmental, non-profit research and archival institution located on the campus of the George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1985 to check rising government secrecy, the National Security Archive is an investigative journalism center, open government advocate, international affairs research institute, and the largest repository of declassified U.S. documents outside the federal government. In the four decades of its history, the National Security Archive has spurred the declassification of more than 15 million pages of government documents by being the leading non-profit user of the U.S. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), filing a total of more than 70,000 FOIA and declassification requests. Organization history and accolades Led by founder Scott Armstrong, former Washington Post Reporter and staff on the Senate Watergate Committee, journalists and historians came together to create the National Secu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
COBOL
COBOL (; an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. It is an imperative, procedural, and, since 2002, object-oriented language. COBOL is primarily used in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments. COBOL is still widely used in applications deployed on mainframe computers, such as large-scale batch and transaction processing jobs. Many large financial institutions were developing new systems in the language as late as 2006, but most programming in COBOL today is purely to maintain existing applications. Programs are being moved to new platforms, rewritten in modern languages, or replaced with other software. COBOL was designed in 1959 by CODASYL and was partly based on the programming language FLOW-MATIC, designed by Grace Hopper. It was created as part of a U.S. Department of Defense effort to create a portable programming language for data pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ALGOL
ALGOL (; short for "Algorithmic Language") is a family of imperative computer programming languages originally developed in 1958. ALGOL heavily influenced many other languages and was the standard method for algorithm description used by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) in textbooks and academic sources for more than thirty years. In the sense that the syntax of most modern languages is "Algol-like", it was arguably more influential than three other high-level programming languages among which it was roughly contemporary: FORTRAN, Lisp, and COBOL. It was designed to avoid some of the perceived problems with FORTRAN and eventually gave rise to many other programming languages, including PL/I, Simula, BCPL, B, Pascal, Ada, and C. ALGOL introduced code blocks and the begin...end pairs for delimiting them. It was also the first language implementing nested function definitions with lexical scope. Moreover, it was the first programming language which gave ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Assembly Language
In computing, assembly language (alternatively assembler language or symbolic machine code), often referred to simply as assembly and commonly abbreviated as ASM or asm, is any low-level programming language with a very strong correspondence between the instructions in the language and the architecture's machine code instructions. Assembly language usually has one statement per machine instruction (1:1), but constants, comments, assembler directives, symbolic labels of, e.g., memory locations, registers, and macros are generally also supported. The first assembly code in which a language is used to represent machine code instructions is found in Kathleen and Andrew Donald Booth's 1947 work, ''Coding for A.R.C.''. Assembly code is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an '' assembler''. The term "assembler" is generally attributed to Wilkes, Wheeler and Gill in their 1951 book '' The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Dig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ES EVM
The ES EVM (, "Unified System of Electronic Computing Machines"), or YeS EVM, also known in English literature as the Unified System or Ryad (, "Series"), is a series of mainframe computers generally compatible with IBM's System/360 and System/370 mainframes, built in the Comecon countries under the initiative of the Soviet Union between 1968 and 1998. More than 15,000 of the ES EVM mainframes were produced. Development In 1966, the Soviet economists suggested creating a unified series of mutually compatible computers. Due to the success of the IBM System/360 in the United States, the economic planners decided to use the IBM design, although some prominent Soviet computer scientists had criticized the idea and suggested instead choosing one of the Soviet indigenous designs, such as BESM or Minsk. The first works on the cloning began in 1968; production started in 1972. In addition, after 1968, other Comecon countries joined the project. With the exception of only a few hardw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IBM/360
The IBM System/360 (S/360) is a family of mainframe computer systems announced by IBM on April 7, 1964, and delivered between 1965 and 1978. System/360 was the first family of computers designed to cover both commercial and scientific applications and a complete range of applications from small to large. The design distinguished between computer architecture, architecture and implementation, allowing IBM to release a suite of compatible designs at different prices. All but the only partially compatible IBM System/360 Model 44, Model 44 and the most expensive systems use microcode to implement the instruction set, featuring 8-bit computing, 8-bit byte addressing and fixed-point binary, fixed-point decimal and IBM hexadecimal floating-point, hexadecimal floating-point arithmetic, floating-point calculations. The System/360 family introduced IBM's Solid Logic Technology (SLT), which packed more transistors onto a circuit card, allowing more powerful but smaller computers. System/36 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mark Nemenman
Mark Nemenman (, ) (6 November 1936 – 20 September 2022 ) was a Soviet computer scientist, notable as a pioneer in systems programming and programming language research. He was one of the main developers of the AKI language (in Russian АКИ - АвтоКод ИНЖЕНЕР - Engineer's Autocode) in 1964, before BASIC became known. He led the development of system software for Minsk-32, the most popular of Minsk family of computers. He was awarded Lenin Komsomol Prize in 1970, received his Ph.D. in 1975 (scientific advisor - Andrey Ershov), Professor since 1984. Nemenman authored more than 70 papers and 5 books. He is the father of two sons, one of whom is theoretical physicist Ilya Nemenman. Books * Nemenman, Tsagelsky, Matyushevskaya ''Autocode for engineering problems solving on Minsk 2'' Minsk, 1965 * Nemenman ''Programming in AKI'' Minsk, 1972 * Kushnerev, Nemenman, Tsagelsky ''Programming for Computer Minsk-32'' Moscow, 1973 * Belokurskaya, Kushnerev, Nemenman ''Minsk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
