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Microbiota-accessible Carbohydrates
Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs) are carbohydrates that are resistant to digestion by a host's metabolism, and are made available for gut flora, gut microbes, as prebiotic (nutrition), prebiotics, to ferment or metabolize into beneficial compounds, such as short chain fatty acids. The term, ‘‘microbiota-accessible carbohydrate’’ contributes to a conceptual framework for investigating and discussing the amount of metabolic activity that a specific food or carbohydrate can contribute to a host's microbiome, microbiota. MACs may come from plants, fungus, fungi, Tissue (biology), animal tissues, or food-borne microbes, and must be metabolized by the microbiome. A significant quantity of the cellulose humans consume is not metabolized by gut microbes and therefore cannot be considered a MAC. The amount of dietary MACs found within a food source will differ for each individual, since which carbohydrates are metabolized depends upon the composition of each person's microbi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbohydrates
A carbohydrate () is a biomolecule composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms. The typical hydrogen-to-oxygen atomic ratio is 2:1, analogous to that of water, and is represented by the empirical formula (where ''m'' and ''n'' may differ). This formula does not imply direct covalent bonding between hydrogen and oxygen atoms; for example, in , hydrogen is covalently bonded to carbon, not oxygen. While the 2:1 hydrogen-to-oxygen ratio is characteristic of many carbohydrates, exceptions exist. For instance, uronic acids and deoxy-sugars like fucose deviate from this precise Stoichiometry, stoichiometric definition. Conversely, some compounds conforming to this definition, such as formaldehyde and acetic acid, are not classified as carbohydrates. The term is predominantly used in biochemistry, functioning as a synonym for saccharide (), a group that includes sugars, starch, and cellulose. The saccharides are divided into four chemical groups: monosaccharides, disaccha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Noncommunicable Diseases
A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a disease that is not transmissible directly from one person to another. NCDs include Parkinson's disease, autoimmune diseases, strokes, heart diseases, cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and others. NCDs may be chronic or acute. Most are non- infectious, although there are some non-communicable infectious diseases, such as parasitic diseases in which the parasite's life cycle does not include direct host-to-host transmission. The four main NCDs that are the leading causes of death globally are cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes. NCDs account for seven out of the ten leading causes of death worldwide. Figures given for 2019 are 41 million deaths due to NCDs worldwide. Of these 17.9 million were due to cardiovascular disease; 9.3 million due to cancer; 4.1 million to chronic respiratory diseases, and 2.0 million to diabetes. Over 8 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akkermansia Muciniphila
''Akkermansia muciniphila'' is a human intestinal symbiont, isolated from human feces. It is a mucin-degrading bacterium belonging to the genus '' Akkermansia'', discovered in 2004 by Muriel Derrien and Willem de Vos at Wageningen University of the Netherlands. It belongs to the phylum Verrucomicrobiota and its type strain is MucT (=ATCC BAA-835T =CIP 107961T). It is under preliminary research for its potential beneficial associations with metabolic disorders. Morphology ''A. muciniphila'' is a Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic, non- motile, non-spore-forming, oval bacterium. Structure of LOS The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of ''A. muciniphila'' has been found to lack the O-antigen unit, making it a lipooligosaccharide (LOS), also known as rough-type LPS. The LOS of ''A. muciniphila'' has been found to consist of two core oligosaccharides: an undeca- and a hexadecasaccharide chain. Both core oligosaccharides contain three 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-''manno''-octulosonic acid (Kdo) res ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii
''Faecalibacterium'' is a genus of bacteria. The genus contains several species including ''Faecalibacterium prausnitzii'', ''Faecalibacterium butyricigenerans'', ''Faecalibacterium longum'', ''Faecalibacterium duncaniae'', ''Faecalibacterium hattorii'', and ''Faecalibacterium gallinarum''. Its first known species, ''Faecalibacterium prausnitzii'' (renamed as Faecalibacterium ''duncaniae'') is gram-positive, mesophilic, rod-shaped, and anaerobic, and is one of the most abundant and important commensal bacteria of the human gut microbiota. It is non-spore forming and non-motile. These bacteria produce butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids through the fermentation of dietary fiber. The production of butyrate makes them an important member of the gut microbiota, fighting against inflammation. History Formerly assigned to the genus ''Fusobacterium'' in the phylum Fusobacteriota, ''Faecalibacterium prausnitzii'' was re-assigned to its own genus when phylogenetic analysis of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blautia Producta
''Blautia'' is a genus of anaerobic bacteria. Upon introduction, this genus mostly consisted of species previously described in the genus '' Ruminococcus''. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Species incertae sedis: * "''B. aquisgranensis''" Hitch et al. 2024 * "''B. arthritidis''" Huang et al. 2024 * "''B. brookingsii''" Ghimire et al. 2020 * "''B. caccae''" Hitch et al. 2024 * "''Ca.'' B. equi" Gilroy et al. 2022 * "''B. flagellata''" Huang et al. 2024 * "''B. immobilis''" Huang et al. 2024 * "''B. intestinihominis''" Hitch et al. 2024 * "''B. lenta''" Liu et al. 2021 * "''B. longa''" Huang et al. 2024 * "''B. ovalis''" Huang et al. 2024 * "''B. phocaeensis''" Traore et al. 2017 * "''B. provencensis''" Pham et al. 2017 * "''B. segnis''" Liu et al. 2021 See also * List of bacterial orders * List of bacteria genera This article lists t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruminococcus Gnavus
''Ruminococcus'' is a genus of bacteria in the class Clostridia. They are anaerobic, Gram-positive gut microbes. One or more species in this genus are found in significant numbers in the human gut microbiota. The type species is ''R. flavefaciens''. As usual, bacteria taxonomy is in flux, with Clostridia being paraphyletic, and some erroneous members of ''Ruminococcus'' being reassigned to a new genus '' Blautia'' on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. One of the most highly cited papers involving the genus ''Ruminococcus'' is a paper describing interspecies hydrogen transfer between ''Ruminococcus albus'' and ''Wolinella succinogenes''. In 1972, ''Ruminococcus bromii'' was reportedly found in the human gut, which was the first of several species discovered. They may play a role in plant cell wall breakdown in the colon. One study found that ''R. albus'', ''R. callidus'', and ''R. bromii'' are less abundant in people with inflammatory bowel disease. ''Ruminococcus'' are a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridiales
The Eubacteriales are an order of bacteria placed within the class Clostridia. Phylogeny The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) External phylogeny Unassigned families: * " Betainaceae" Jones et al. 2019 * " Darwinibacteraceae" Puchol-Royo et al. 2023 * " Wallacebacteraceae" Puchol-Royo et al. 2023 See also * List of bacterial orders * List of bacteria genera This article lists the genera of the bacteria Bacteria (; : bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one Cell (biology), biological cell. They constitute a large domain (biology), domain of Prokaryote, ... References Bacteria orders Long stubs with short prose {{clostridia-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parabacteroides Gordonii
''Parabacteroides gordonii'' is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Parabacteroides which has been isolated from human blood Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Blood is compo .... References Bacteroidia Bacteria described in 2009 {{Bacteroidetes-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteroides Distasonis
''Parabacteroides distasonis'' is a Gram-negative, non-sporeforming, obligately anaerobic, rod-shaped, and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Parabacteroides. References Further reading * Bacteroidia Bacteria described in 1933 {{Bacteroidetes-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteroides Uniformis
''Bacteroides'' is a genus of Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic bacteria. ''Bacteroides'' species are non endospore–forming bacilli, and may be either motile or nonmotile, depending on the species. The DNA base composition is 40–48% GC. Unusual in bacterial organisms, ''Bacteroides'' membranes contain sphingolipids. They also contain meso-diaminopimelic acid in their peptidoglycan layer. ''Bacteroides'' species are normally mutualistic, making up the most substantial portion of the mammalian gastrointestinal microbiota, where they play a fundamental role in processing of complex molecules to simpler ones in the host intestine. As many as 1010–1011 cells per gram of human feces have been reported. They can use simple sugars when available; however, the main sources of energy for ''Bacteroides'' species in the gut are complex host-derived and plant glycans. Studies indicate that long-term diet is strongly associated with the gut microbiome composition—those who eat a hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
