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Michał Wawrykiewicz
Michał Wawrykiewicz (born 11 May 1971) is a Polish lawyer and politician of the Civic Coalition who was elected member of the European Parliament in 2024. He is a co-founder of Free Courts and the Justice Defence Committee, which advocate for the rule of law. Biography Education and legal career A graduate of the University of Warsaw. Between 1990 and 1996, he studied at the Faculty of Law and Administration, where he obtained a Master’s degree in Law. In 1999, he completed his legal apprenticeship, took a bar exam and began practising law. In July 2017, together with Sylwia Gregorczyk-Abram, Maria Ejchart, and Paulina Kieszkowska, he co-founded the Free Courts (Wolne Sądy) initiative, an informal group of lawyers engaged in activities supporting the rule of law. In 2018, as part of Free Courts, he was one of the initiators of the Justice Defence Committee, a platform for cooperation among several civic organizations and legal associations, providing legal assist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Member Of The European Parliament
A Member of the European Parliament (MEP) is a person who has been elected to serve as a popular representative in the European Parliament. When the European Parliament (then known as the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community, ECSC) first met in 1952, its members were directly appointed by the governments of member states from among those already sitting in their own national parliaments. Since 1979, however, MEPs have been elected by direct universal suffrage. Earlier European organizations that were a precursor to the European Union did not have MEPs. Each Member state of the European Union, member state establishes its own method for electing MEPs – and in some states this has changed over time – but the system chosen must be a form of proportional representation. Some member states elect their MEPs to represent a single national constituency; other states apportion seats to sub-national regions for election. They are sometimes referred to as delega ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magdalena Ogórek
Magdalena Agnieszka Ogórek (; born 23 February 1979) is a Polish TV presenter and politician. In 2015 she was a presidential candidate of Democratic Left Alliance. Early life and education Ogórek was born in Rybnik, Poland. In 2002, she completed a master's degree in history at the University of Opole, and in 2003 completed postgraduate studies in European integration at the University of Warsaw, and thematic studies in 2005 at the European Institute of Public Administration in Maastricht. In 2009, at the University of Opole, Ogórek received her PhD. She has lectured at the School of Customs and Logistics in Warsaw under the auspices of Malopolska College in Kraków. Professional and political activity Ogórek had internships and apprenticeships in the Office for European Integration in the Office of the President of Poland and the Prime Minister's Office. In 2004, she was employed as a clerk in the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration, where she worked for two yea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is one of the legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it adopts European legislation, following a proposal by the European Commission. The Parliament is composed of 705 members (MEPs). It represents the second-largest democratic electorate in the world (after the Parliament of India), with an electorate of 375 million eligible voters in 2009. Since 1979, the Parliament has been directly elected every five years by the citizens of the European Union through universal suffrage. Voter turnout in parliamentary elections decreased each time after 1979 until 2019, when voter turnout increased by eight percentage points, and rose above 50% for the first time since 1994. The voting age is 18 in all EU member states except for Malta and Austria, where it is 16, and Greece, where it is 17. Al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bill (law)
A bill is proposed legislation under consideration by a legislature. A bill does not become law until it is passed by the legislature as well as, in most cases, approved by the executive. Once a bill has been enacted into law, it is called an '' act of the legislature'', or a ''statute''. Bills are introduced in the legislature and are discussed, debated and voted upon. Usage The word ''bill'' is primarily used in Anglophone United Kingdom and United States, the parts of a bill are known as ''clauses'', until it has become an act of parliament, from which time the parts of the law are known as ''sections''. In Napoleonic law nations (including France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Spain and Portugal), a proposed law may be known as a "law project" (Fr. ''projet de loi''), which is a government-introduced bill, or a "law proposition" (Fr. ''proposition de loi''), a private member's bill. For example the Dutch parliamentary system does not make this terminological distinction (''wet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marshal Of The Senate Of Poland
The Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland ( pl, Marszałek Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is the presiding officer of the Senate of Poland. The marshal is also third person according to the Polish order of precedence, after President of the Republic of Poland and Sejm Marshal, and second in line to become Acting President of the Republic of Poland (after Sejm Marshal; in period 1935-1939 Senate Marshal was the first). Because of both precedence order and succession order, the marshal is commonly referred to as the "third person in state". The person who functions as their second-in-command is the Deputy Marshal of the Senate of the Republic of Poland. Role Marshal: * Represent Senate * Preside over Senate sessions * Preside over Senate Presidium and caucus of heads of Senatorial caucuses (''Konwent Seniorów'') meetings * Performing some representative roles on the state level * Becoming Acting President when Sejm Marshal cannot do so * Is in charge on peacekeep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sejm
The Sejm (English: , Polish: ), officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland ( Polish: ''Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej''), is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of Poland. The Sejm has been the highest governing body of the Third Polish Republic since the transition of government in 1989. Along with the upper house of parliament, the Senate, it forms the national legislature in Poland known as National Assembly ( pl, Zgromadzenie Narodowe). The Sejm is composed of 460 deputies (singular ''deputowany'' or ''poseł'' – "envoy") elected every four years by a universal ballot. The Sejm is presided over by a speaker called the "Marshal of the Sejm" (''Marszałek Sejmu''). In the Kingdom of Poland, the term "''Sejm''" referred to an entire two- chamber parliament, comprising the Chamber of Deputies ( pl, Izba Poselska), the Senate and the King. It was thus a three-estate parliament. The 1573 Henrician Articles strengthened the assembly's jurisdiction, m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parliament
In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. The term is similar to the idea of a senate, synod or congress and is commonly used in countries that are current or former monarchies. Some contexts restrict the use of the word ''parliament'' to parliamentary systems, although it is also used to describe the legislature in some presidential systems (e.g., the Parliament of Ghana), even where it is not in the official name. Historically, parliaments included various kinds of deliberative, consultative, and judicial assemblies, an example being the French medieval and early modern parlements. Etymology The English term is derived from Anglo-Norman and dates to the 14th century, coming from the 11th century Old French , "discussion, discourse", from , meaning "to talk". The meanin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Court Of Human Rights
The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR), also known as the Strasbourg Court, is an international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights. The court hears applications alleging that a contracting state has breached one or more of the human rights enumerated in the Convention or its optional protocols to which a member state is a party. The European Convention on Human Rights is also referred to by the initials "ECHR". The court is based in Strasbourg, France. An application can be lodged by an individual, a group of individuals, or one or more of the other contracting states. Aside from judgments, the court can also issue advisory opinions. The convention was adopted within the context of the Council of Europe, and all of its 46 member states are contracting parties to the convention. Russia, having been expelled from the Council of Europe as of 16 March 2022, ceased to be a party to the convention with effect from 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Igor Tuleya
Igor Zygmunt Tuleya (born 24 August 1970) is a Polish lawyer, judge at the district court of Warsaw and former spokesperson for this court. He is known for his criticism on government prosecutorial practices and his protests against judicial reforms, which he sees as a threat to the independence of the Polish judiciary. On 18 October 2020 Tuleya was stripped of his immunity by the Disciplinary Chamber of the Supreme Court of Poland and suspended. The public prosecutor is charging Tuleya for a criminal breach of the secrecy of the investigation. The alleged breach happened when Tuleya allowed the press to hear the justification of one of the verdicts he gave in court. Life Tuleya was born on 24 August 1970 in Łódź and raised in Warsaw. Initially he intended to study Medicine, but continued to study law instead at the University of Warsaw. His mother was Lucyna Tuleja, she has served in the years 1960-71 as Militia in Łódź in the criminal department, and until 1988 an off ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supreme Court Of Poland
, imagesize = 100 , established = , country =Poland , location = Warsaw , coordinates = , type = Presidential nomination , authority = Constitution of Poland , terms = , positions = 120 (by statute) , website = , chiefjudgetitle = First President of the Supreme Court , chiefjudgename = Małgorzata Manowska , termstart = The Supreme Court ( pl, Sąd Najwyższy) is the highest court in the Republic of Poland. It is located in the Krasiński Square, Warsaw. One of the chambers of the Supreme Court, the Disciplinary Chamber, was suspended by a judgment of the CJEU. Despite the judgment, the chamber continues to operate. The legal basis for the competence and activities of the Supreme Court is the Polish Constitution, the Act on the Supreme Court and the Presidential Decree on the organisation of the Supreme Court. History The Supreme Court followed on from the Court of Cassation o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Council Of The Judiciary (Poland)
The National Council of the Judiciary ( pl, Krajowa Rada Sądownictwa) is the national council of the judiciary of Poland. It is a public body in Poland responsible for nominating judges and reviewing ethical complaints against sitting jurists. Establishment and composition The National Council of the Judiciary is a constitutional organ appointed to safeguard the independence of courts and judges. It is a collective organ, composed of representatives of the judiciary (the First President of the Supreme Court, the President of the High Administrative Court and 15 representatives of the judiciary's self-governments appointed for a four-year term of office), the legislative (four deputies and two senators chosen for a four-year term of office) and the executive (the Minister of Justice and an individual appointed by the President of the Republic). The Council presents the President with motions concerning the appointment of judges; it deals with judiciary's staff matters, and expresses ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Preliminary Ruling
A preliminary ruling is a decision of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) on the interpretation of European Union law that is given in response to a request (preliminary reference) from a court or a tribunal of a member state. A preliminary ruling is a final determination of European Union law, with no scope for appeal. The ECJ hands down its decision to the referring court, which is then obliged to implement the ruling. Preliminary rulings are issued by the ECJ. The Treaty of Lisbon provides that jurisdiction may be delegated to the General Court, but that provision has yet to be put into effect. If, as in '' Factortame'', the ECJ holds that a member state's legislation conflicts with EU law, the member state is required to "disapply" such law, but the ECJ may not amend the member state's legislation itself. Preliminary rulings make up the bulk of business in the Court of Justice of the European Union since few persons have '' locus standi'' to litigate in the Luxembourg court. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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