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McDonnell Douglas Burden-shifting
In United States employment discrimination law, ''McDonnell Douglas'' burden-shifting or the ''McDonnell-Douglas'' burden-shifting framework refers to the procedure for adjudicating a motion for summary judgement under a Title VII disparate treatment claim, in particular a "private, non-class action challenging employment discrimination", that lacks direct evidence of discrimination. It was introduced by the United States Supreme Court in '' McDonnell Douglas v. Green'' and '' Texas Dept. of Community Affairs v. Burdine'' and has been elaborated on in subsequent cases. The ''McDonnell-Douglas'' framework is typically used when a case lacks direct evidence of discrimination. In other cases, courts may decide not to use the ''McDonnell-Douglas'' framework, and instead evaluate disparate treatment claims under the ''Price Waterhouse'' " mixed motive" framework. Framework The framework as currently applied by courts is as follows: #A plaintiff must first establish a ''prima facie' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Employment Discrimination Law In The United States
Employment discrimination law in the United States derives from the common law, and is codified in numerous state, federal, and local laws. These laws prohibit discrimination based on certain characteristics or "protected categories". The United States Constitution also prohibits discrimination by federal and state governments against their public employees. Discrimination in the private sector is not directly constrained by the Constitution, but has become subject to a growing body of federal and state law, including the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Federal law prohibits discrimination in a number of areas, including recruiting, hiring, job evaluations, promotion policies, training, compensation and disciplinary action. State laws often extend protection to additional categories or employers. Under federal employment discrimination law, employers generally cannot discriminate against employees on the basis of race, sex (including sexual orientation and gender ide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legal Burden Of Proof
In a legal dispute, one party has the burden of proof to show that they are correct, while the other party has no such burden and is presumed to be correct. The burden of proof requires a party to produce evidence to establish the truth of facts needed to satisfy all the required legal elements of the dispute. It is also known as the onus of proof. The burden of proof is usually on the person who brings a claim in a dispute. It is often associated with the Latin maxim ''semper necessitas probandi incumbit ei qui agit'', a translation of which is: "the necessity of proof always lies with the person who lays charges." In civil suits, for example, the plaintiff bears the burden of proof that the defendant's action or inaction caused injury to the plaintiff, and the defendant bears the burden of proving an affirmative defense. The burden of proof is on the prosecutor for criminal cases, and the defendant is presumed innocent. If the claimant fails to discharge the burden of proof t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Justice Powell
Lewis Franklin Powell Jr. (September 19, 1907 – August 25, 1998) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1972 to 1987. Born in Suffolk, Virginia, he graduated from both the Washington and Lee University School of Law and Harvard Law School and served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. He worked for Hunton & Williams, a large law firm in Richmond, Virginia, focusing on corporate law and representing clients such as the Tobacco Institute. His 1971 Powell Memorandum became the blueprint for the rise of the American conservative movement and the formation of a network of influential right-wing think tanks and lobbying organizations, such as The Heritage Foundation and the American Legislative Exchange Council. In 1971, President Richard Nixon appointed Powell to succeed the late Associate Justice Hugo Black. He retired from the Court during the administration of President Rona ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bloomberg News
Bloomberg News (originally Bloomberg Business News) is an international news agency headquartered in New York City and a division of Bloomberg L.P. Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through Bloomberg Terminals, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, '' Bloomberg Businessweek'', '' Bloomberg Markets'', Bloomberg.com, and Bloomberg's mobile platforms. Since 2015, John Micklethwait has been editor-in-chief. History Bloomberg News was founded by Michael Bloomberg and Matthew Winkler in 1990 to deliver financial news reporting to Bloomberg Terminal subscribers. The agency was established in 1990 with a team of six people. Winkler was first editor-in-chief. In 2010, Bloomberg News included more than 2,300 editors and reporters in 72 countries and 146 news bureaus worldwide. Beginnings (1990–1995) Bloomberg Business News was created to expand the services offered through the terminals. According to Matthew Winkler, then a writer for ''The Wall Street Jo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Certiorari
In law, ''certiorari'' is a court process to seek judicial review of a decision of a lower court or government agency. ''Certiorari'' comes from the name of a prerogative writ in England, issued by a superior court to direct that the record of the lower court be sent to the superior court for review. Derived from the English common law, ''certiorari'' is prevalent in countries using, or influenced by, the common law''.'' It has evolved in the legal system of each nation, as court decisions and statutory amendments are made. In modern law, ''certiorari'' is recognized in many jurisdictions, including England and Wales (now called a "quashing order"), Canada, India, Ireland, the Philippines and the United States. With the expansion of administrative law in the 19th and 20th centuries, the writ of ''certiorari'' has gained broader use in many countries, to review the decisions of administrative bodies as well as lower courts. Etymology The term ''certiorari'' (US English: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neil Gorsuch
Neil McGill Gorsuch ( ; born August 29, 1967) is an American jurist who serves as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination, nominated by President Donald Trump on January 31, 2017, and has served since April 10, 2017. Gorsuch spent his early life in Denver, Colorado. After graduating from Columbia University, where he became an established writer, Gorsuch received his legal education at Harvard Law School and earned a doctorate in jurisprudence from University of Oxford, Oxford University in 2004 as a Marshall Scholarship, Marshall Scholar. His doctoral thesis concerned the morality of assisted suicide and was written under the supervision of legal philosopher John Finnis. He was a law clerk for Judge David B. Sentelle, Justice Byron White, and Justice Anthony Kennedy. From 1995 to 2005, Gorsuch was in private practice with the law firm of Kellogg, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clarence Thomas
Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an American lawyer and jurist who has served since 1991 as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. President George H. W. Bush nominated him to succeed Thurgood Marshall. After Marshall, Thomas is the second African American to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court and has been its longest-serving member since Anthony Kennedy's retirement in 2018. He has also been the Court's oldest member since Stephen Breyer retired in 2022. Thomas was born in Pin Point, Georgia. After his father abandoned the family, he was raised by his grandfather in a poor Gullah community near Savannah, Georgia. Growing up as a devout Catholic, Thomas originally intended to be a priest in the Catholic Church but became dissatisfied with its efforts to combat racism and abandoned his aspiration to join the clergy. He graduated with honors from the College of the Holy Cross in 1971 and earned his Juris Doctor in 1974 from Yale Law School. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christians
A Christian () is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Christians form the largest religious community in the world. The words '' Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title (), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term '' mashiach'' () (usually rendered as ''messiah'' in English). While there are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict, they are united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance. The term ''Christian'' used as an adjective is descriptive of anything associated with Christianity or Christian churches, or in a proverbial sense "all that is noble, and good, and Christ-like." According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there were 2.3 billion Christians around the world, up from about 600 million in 1910. Today, about 37% of all Christians live in the Americas, about 26% live in Europe, 24% live in sub-Saharan Afric ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fire Chief
A fire chief or fire commissioner is a top executive rank or commanding officer in a fire department. Nomenclature Various official English-language titles for a fire chief include ''fire chief'', ''chief fire officer'' and ''fire commissioner''. The latter can refer to a fire chief or to an overseer who works for the local government. " Chief fire officer" is the usual title in the United Kingdom. Traditionally, a fire chief in Scotland was known as a "fire master", but this was changed in 2006. The definition of the term ''fire officer'' varies by country, but generally refers to all firefighting personnel who have some command duties. This is comparable to the usage of "officer" in the military, rather than the term ''police officer''. In fire departments of the United States, fire officers who are part of an engine company or other unit (lieutenants and captains) are ''company officers'' and those ranked higher (e.g. battalion chiefs) are ''chief officers''. Appointment ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hittle V
Hittle is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Daniel Hittle (1950–2000), American serial killer and mass murderer * James D. Hittle (1915–2002), American marine officer * J. B. E. Hittle (born 1951), American historian and writer * Lloyd Hittle (1924–2012), American baseball player See also * Hittle Township, Tazewell County, Illinois {{surname ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Age Discrimination In Employment Act
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA; to ) is a United States labor law that forbids employment discrimination against anyone, at least 40 years of age, in the United States (see ). In 1967, the bill was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The ADEA prevents ageism, age discrimination and provides equal employment opportunity under the conditions that were not explicitly covered in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The act also applies to the standards for pensions and employment benefits, benefits provided by employers, and requires that information concerning the needs of older workers be provided to the general public. Scope of protection The ADEA includes a broad Ban (law), ban of age discrimination against workers, over the age of forty, and also specifically, the act prohibits: * discrimination in Recruitment, hiring, promotions, wages, and termination of employment and layoffs; * statements of specifications in age preference or l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reeves V
Reeves may refer to: People * Reeves (surname) * B. Reeves Eason (1886–1956), American director, actor and screenwriter * Reeves Nelson (born 1991), American basketball player Places ;Ireland * Reeves, County Kildare, townland in County Kildare ;United States * Reeves, Georgia, unincorporated community * Reeves, Louisiana, village in Allen Parish * Reeves County, Texas Companies and institutions * House of Reeves, furniture store in Croydon, London, England * Reeves and Sons, English artists' materials firm * Reeves College, college in Alberta, Canada * Reeves Instrument Corporation (RICO), Cold War manufacturer of computer and radar systems for the United States * Reeves Pulley Company, transmission and engine manufacturer in Columbus, Indiana founded by Milton Reeves Ships * USS ''Reeves'' (DE-94), ''Buckley''-class destroyer escort delivered to the Royal Navy as * , ''Buckley''-class destroyer escort launched 1943 * , ''Leahy''-class destroyer leader launched 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
