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Maize White Line Mosaic Satellite Virus
Maize white line mosaic satellite virus (syn. Satellite maize white line mosaic virus, Satellite virus of maize white line mosaic virus, SMWLMV, SV-MWLMV) is a plant satellite virus. It is the only species in genus ''Aumaivirus'', which is a member of realm ''Riboviria'' without assigned family or order. It only infects maize which is infected by '' Maize white line mosaic virus'' (MWLMV) of genus '' Aureusvirus''.Mart KrupovicPlant Satellite Viruses (Albetovirus, Aumaivirus, Papanivirus, Virtovirus)(PDF). In: Reference Module in Life Sciences. Jan 2020. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.21289-2ResearchGate Etymology The genus name, ''Aumaivirus'', is a combination of ''Aureusvirus'' (the name of the helper virus) and maize, the host plant of the only species of the genus. Virology SMWLMV has a genome consisting of linear single-stranded RNA of positive polarity. It has a length of 1,168 nucleotides and consists of a single gene that encodes a capsid protein (CP). It neith ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Satellite Virus
A satellite is a subviral agent that depends on the coinfection of a host cell with a helper virus for its replication. Satellites can be divided into two major groups: satellite viruses and satellite nucleic acids. Satellite viruses, which are most commonly associated with plants, are also found in mammals, arthropods, and bacteria. They encode structural proteins to enclose their genetic material, which are therefore distinct from the structural proteins of their helper viruses. Satellite nucleic acids, in contrast, do not encode their own structural proteins, but instead are encapsulated by proteins encoded by their helper viruses. The genomes of satellites range upward from 359 nucleotides in length for satellite tobacco ringspot virus RNA (STobRV). Most viruses have the capability to use host enzymes or their own replication machinery to independently replicate their own viral RNA. Satellites, in contrast, are completely dependent on a helper virus for replication. The sy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetic Code
Genetic code is a set of rules used by living cell (biology), cells to Translation (biology), translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets or codons) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links proteinogenic amino acids in an order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries. The codons specify which amino acid will be added next during protein biosynthesis. With some exceptions, a three-nucleotide codon in a nucleic acid sequence specifies a single amino acid. The vast majority of genes are encoded with a single scheme (see the Codon tables, RNA codon table). That scheme is often called the canonical or standard genetic code, or simply ''the'' genetic code, though #Variations, variant codes (suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Viral Plant Pathogens And Diseases
The word ''Viral'' means "relating to viruses" (small infectious agents). It may also refer to: Viral behavior, or virality Memetic behavior likened that of a virus, for example: * Viral marketing, the use of existing social networks to spread a marketing message * Viral phenomenon, relating to contagion theory or the "virality" of network culture, such as a meme * Viral video Viral videos are video, videos that become popular through viral phenomenon, a viral process of Internet sharing, primarily through video sharing websites such as YouTube as well as social media and email.Lu Jiang, Yajie Miao, Yi Yang, ZhenZhon ..., a video that quickly attains a high popularity Titled works * Viral (2016 American film), ''Viral'' (2016 American film), a 2016 American science fiction horror drama * Viral (2016 Hindi film), ''Viral'' (2016 Hindi film), an Indian Bollywood film based on social media * Viral (upcoming film), ''Viral'' (upcoming film), an American psychological thri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Subviral Agents ...
Subviral agents are pathogenic entities that can cause disease, but lack various fundamental properties of viruses. Subviral agents consist of satellites, viroids, prions, defective interfering particles, viriforms, and, most recently, obelisks. See also * List of prions * Virus classification References {{reflist subviral agents Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system similar to the classification systems used for cellular organisms. Viruses are classified by phenotypic characteristics, such as morphology, nucleic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sequence Homology
Sequence homology is the homology (biology), biological homology between DNA sequence, DNA, RNA sequence, RNA, or Protein primary structure, protein sequences, defined in terms of shared ancestry in the evolutionary history of life. Two segments of DNA can have shared ancestry because of three phenomena: either a speciation event (orthologs), or a Gene duplication, duplication event (paralogs), or else a Horizontal gene transfer, horizontal (or lateral) gene transfer event (xenologs). Homology among DNA, RNA, or proteins is typically inferred from their nucleotide or amino acid sequence similarity. Significant similarity is strong evidence that two sequences are related by evolutionary changes from a common ancestral sequence. Sequence alignment, Alignments of multiple sequences are used to indicate which regions of each sequence are homologous. Identity, similarity, and conservation The term "percent homology" is often used to mean "sequence similarity”, that is the percen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tobacco Necrosis Satellite Virus
''Tobacco virtovirus 1'', informally called Tobacco mosaic satellite virus, Satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV), or tobacco mosaic satellite virus, is a satellite virus first reported in ''Nicotiana glauca'' from southern California, U.S.. Its genome consists of linear positive-sense single-stranded RNA. ''Tobacco virtovirus 1'' is a small, icosahedral plant virus which worsens the symptoms of infection by ''Tobacco mosaic virus'' (TMV). Satellite viruses are some of the smallest possible reproducing units in nature; they achieve this by relying on both the host cell and a host-virus (in this case, TMV) for the machinery necessary for them to reproduce. The entire ''Tobacco virtovirus 1'' particle consists of 60 identical copies of a single protein (CP) that make up the viral capsid A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material. It consists of several oligomeric (repeating) structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3' End
Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid. In a single strand of DNA or RNA, the chemical convention of naming carbon atoms in the nucleotide pentose-sugar-ring means that there will be a 5′ end (usually pronounced "five-prime end"), which frequently contains a phosphate group attached to the 5′ carbon of the ribose ring, and a 3′ end (usually pronounced "three-prime end"), which typically is unmodified from the ribose -OH substituent. In a DNA double helix, the strands run in opposite directions to permit base pairing between them, which is essential for replication or transcription of the encoded information. Nucleic acids can only be synthesized in vivo in the 5′-to-3′ direction, as the polymerases that assemble various types of new strands generally rely on the energy produced by breaking nucleoside triphosphate bonds to attach new nucleoside monophosphates to the 3′- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poly(A) Tail
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to an RNA transcript, typically a messenger RNA (mRNA). The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases. In eukaryotes, polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature mRNA for translation. In many bacteria, the poly(A) tail promotes degradation of the mRNA. It, therefore, forms part of the larger process of gene expression. The process of polyadenylation begins as the transcription of a gene terminates. The 3′-most segment of the newly made pre-mRNA is first cleaved off by a set of proteins; these proteins then synthesize the poly(A) tail at the RNA's 3′ end. In some genes these proteins add a poly(A) tail at one of several possible sites. Therefore, polyadenylation can produce more than one transcript from a single gene (alternative polyadenylation), similar to alternative splicing. The poly(A) tail is important for the nuclea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Positive-strand RNA Virus
Positive-strand RNA viruses (+ssRNA viruses) are a group of related viruses that have Sense (molecular biology), positive-sense, single-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid. The positive-sense genome can act as messenger RNA (mRNA) and can be directly translation (biology), translated into viral proteins by the host cell, host cell's ribosomes. Positive-strand RNA viruses encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is used during replication of the genome to synthesize a negative-sense antigenome that is then used as a template to create a new positive-sense viral genome. Positive-strand RNA viruses are divided between the phyla ''Kitrinoviricota'', ''Lenarviricota'', and ''Pisuviricota'' (specifically classes ''Pisoniviricetes'' and ''Stelpaviricetes, Stelpavirictes'') all of which are in the kingdom ''Orthornavirae'' and Realm (virology), realm ''Riboviria''. They are Monophyly, monophyletic and descended from a common RNA virus ancestor. In the Baltimore classi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Riboviria
''Riboviria'' is a Realm (virology), realm of viruses that includes all viruses that use a homologous RNA-dependent polymerase for replication. It includes RNA viruses that Genetic code, encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, as well as Pararnavirae, reverse-transcribing viruses (with either RNA or DNA genomes) that encode an Reverse transcriptase, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), also called RNA replicase, produces RNA (ribonucleic acid) from RNA. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RdDp), also called reverse transcriptase (RT), produces DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) from RNA. These enzymes are essential for Viral replication, replicating the viral genome and Transcription (biology), transcribing viral genes into messenger RNA (mRNA) for Translation (biology), translation of viral proteins. ''Riboviria'' was established in 2018 to accommodate all RdRp-encoding RNA viruses and was expanded a year later to also include RdDp-encoding viruses. These two grou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genome
A genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding genes, other functional regions of the genome such as regulatory sequences (see non-coding DNA), and often a substantial fraction of junk DNA with no evident function. Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondrial DNA, mitochondria and a small mitochondrial genome. Algae and plants also contain chloroplast DNA, chloroplasts with a chloroplast genome. The study of the genome is called genomics. The genomes of many organisms have been Whole-genome sequencing, sequenced and various regions have been annotated. The first genome to be sequenced was that of the virus φX174 in 1977; the first genome sequence of a prokaryote (''Haemophilus influenzae'') was published in 1995; the yeast (''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'') genome was the first eukaryotic genome to be sequenced in 1996. The Human Genome Project ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
