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MAC Address Anonymization
MAC address anonymization performs a one-way function on a MAC address so that the result may be used in tracking systems for reporting and the general public, while making it nearly impossible to obtain the original MAC address from the result. The idea is that this process allows companies like Google, Apple and CrowdVision - which track users movements via computer hardware to simultaneously preserve the identities of the people they are tracking, as well as the hardware itself. Flawed approaches Simple hashing An example of MAC address anonymization would be to use a simple hash algorithm. Given an address of 11:22:33:44:55:66, the MD5 hash algorithm produces eb341820cd3a3485461a61b1e97d31b1 (32 hexadecimal digits). An address only one character different (11:22:33:44:55:67) produces 391907146439938c9821856fa181052e, an entirely different hash due to the avalanche effect. The problem lies in the fact that there are only 248 (281,474,976,710,656) possible MAC address ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
One-way Function
In computer science, a one-way function is a function that is easy to compute on every input, but hard to invert given the image of a random input. Here, "easy" and "hard" are to be understood in the sense of computational complexity theory, specifically the theory of polynomial time problems. Not being one-to-one is not considered sufficient for a function to be called one-way (see Theoretical definition, below). The existence of such one-way functions is still an open conjecture. Their existence would prove that the complexity classes P and NP are not equal, thus resolving the foremost unsolved question of theoretical computer science.Oded Goldreich (2001). Foundations of Cryptography: Volume 1, Basic Tools,draft availablefrom author's site). Cambridge University Press. . (see als The converse is not known to be true, i.e. the existence of a proof that P≠NP would not directly imply the existence of one-way functions. In applied contexts, the terms "easy" and "hard" are us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bcrypt
bcrypt is a password-hashing function designed by Niels Provos and David Mazières, based on the Blowfish cipher and presented at USENIX in 1999. Besides incorporating a salt to protect against rainbow table attacks, bcrypt is an adaptive function: over time, the iteration count can be increased to make it slower, so it remains resistant to brute-force search attacks even with increasing computation power. The bcrypt function is the default password hash algorithm for OpenBSD and was the default for some Linux distributions such as SUSE Linux. There are implementations of bcrypt in C, C++, C#, Embarcadero Delphi, Elixir, Go, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, and other languages. Background Blowfish is notable among block ciphers for its expensive key setup phase. It starts off with subkeys in a standard state, then uses this state to perform a block encryption using part of the key, and uses the result of that encryption (which is more accurate at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Espionage Techniques
Espionage, spying, or intelligence gathering is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information (intelligence) from non-disclosed sources or divulging of the same without the permission of the holder of the information for a tangible benefit. A person who commits espionage is called an ''espionage agent'' or ''spy''. Any individual or spy ring (a cooperating group of spies), in the service of a government, company, criminal organization, or independent operation, can commit espionage. The practice is clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome. In some circumstances, it may be a legal tool of law enforcement and in others, it may be illegal and punishable by law. Espionage is often part of an institutional effort by a government or commercial concern. However, the term tends to be associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies for military purposes. Spying involving corporations is known as industrial espionage. One of the most effective ways to gat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Criminal Investigation
Criminal investigation is an applied science that involves the study of facts that are then used to inform criminal trials. A complete criminal investigation can include searching, interviews, interrogations, evidence collection and preservation, and various methods of investigation. Modern-day criminal investigations commonly employ many modern scientific techniques known collectively as forensic science. Criminal investigation is an ancient science that may have roots as far back as c. 1700 BCE in the writings of the Code of Hammurabi. In the code, it is suggested that both the accuser and the accused had the right to present evidence they collected. In the modern era, criminal investigations are most often done by government police forces. Private investigators are also commonly hired to complete or assist in criminal investigations. An early recorded professional criminal investigator was the English constable. Around 1250 CE, it was recorded that the constable was t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crime Prevention
Crime prevention is the attempt to reduce and deter crime and criminals. It is applied specifically to efforts made by governments to reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice. Studies Criminologists, commissions, and research bodies such as the World Health Organization, United Nations, the United States National Research Council, the UK Audit Commission have analyzed their and others' research on what lowers rates of interpersonal crime. They agree that governments must go beyond law enforcement and criminal justice to tackle the risk factors that cause crime, because it is more cost effective and leads to greater social benefits than the standard ways of responding to crime. Multiple opinion polls also confirm public support for investment in prevention. Waller uses these materials in ''Less Law, More Order'' to propose specific measures to reduce crime as well as a crime bill. The ''World Health Organization Guide'' (2004) complements the ''World Re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wireless Locating
Wireless communication (or just wireless, when the context allows) is the transfer of information between two or more points without the use of an electrical conductor, optical fiber or other continuous guided medium for the transfer. The most common wireless technologies use radio waves. With radio waves, intended distances can be short, such as a few meters for Bluetooth or as far as millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of applications of radio ''wireless technology'' include GPS units, garage door openers, wireless computer mouse, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones. Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless communications involve other electromagnetic phenomena, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mobile Technology
Mobile technology is the technology used for cellular communication. Mobile technology has evolved rapidly over the past few years. Since the start of this millennium, a standard mobile device has gone from being no more than a simple two-way pager to being a mobile phone, GPS navigation device, an embedded web browser and instant messaging client, and a handheld gaming console. Many experts believe that the future of computer technology rests in mobile computing with wireless networking. Mobile computing by way of tablet computers is becoming more popular. Tablets are available on the 3G and 4G networks. Mobile technology has different meanings in different aspects, mainly mobile technology in information technology and mobile technology in basketball technology, mainly based on the wireless technology of wireless devices (including laptops, tablets, mobile phones, etc.) equipment information technology integration. Mobile communication convergence Nikola Tesla laid the the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GSM Standard
The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for second-generation ( 2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as mobile phones and tablets. GSM is also a trade mark owned by the GSM Association. GSM may also refer to the Full Rate voice codec. It was first implemented in Finland in December 1991. By the mid-2010s, it became a global standard for mobile communications achieving over 90% market share, and operating in over 193 countries and territories. 2G networks developed as a replacement for first generation ( 1G) analog cellular networks. The GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit-switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. This expanded over time to include data communications, first by circuit-switched transport, then by packet data transport via General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), and Enhanced Data Rates for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Internet Geolocation
In computing, Internet geolocation is software capable of deducing the geographic position of a device connected to the Internet. For example, the device's IP address can be used to determine the country, city, or ZIP code, determining its geographical location. Other methods include examination of Wi-Fi hotspots, Data sources An IP address is assigned to each device (e.g. computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication., ''DOD Standard Internet Protocol'' (January 1980) The protocol specifies that each IP packet must have a header which contains, among other things, the IP address of the sender. There are a number of free and paid subscription geolocation databases, ranging from country level to state or city—including ZIP/post code level—each with varying claims of accuracy (generally higher at the country level). These databases typically contain IP address data which may be used in firewalls, ad servers, routing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Birthday Paradox
In probability theory, the birthday problem asks for the probability that, in a set of randomly chosen people, at least two will share a birthday. The birthday paradox is that, counterintuitively, the probability of a shared birthday exceeds 50% in a group of only 23 people. The birthday paradox is a veridical paradox: it appears wrong, but is in fact true. While it may seem surprising that only 23 individuals are required to reach a 50% probability of a shared birthday, this result is made more intuitive by considering that the comparisons of birthdays will be made between every possible pair of individuals. With 23 individuals, there are (23 × 22) / 2 = 253 pairs to consider, much more than half the number of days in a year. Real-world applications for the birthday problem include a cryptographic attack called the birthday attack, which uses this probabilistic model to reduce the complexity of finding a collision for a hash function, as well a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
K-anonymity
''k''-anonymity is a property possessed by certain anonymized data. The concept of ''k''-anonymity was first introduced by Latanya Sweeney and Pierangela Samarati in a paper published in 1998 as an attempt to solve the problem: "Given person-specific field-structured data, produce a release of the data with scientific guarantees that the individuals who are the subjects of the data cannot be re-identified while the data remain practically useful." A release of data is said to have the ''k''-anonymity property if the information for each person contained in the release cannot be distinguished from at least k - 1 individuals whose information also appear in the release. Unfortunately, the guarantees provided by k-anonymity are aspirational, not mathematical. Methods for ''k''-anonymization To use k-anonymity to process a dataset so that it can be released with privacy protection, a data scientist must first examine the dataset and decide if each attribute (column) is an ''identif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Junade Ali
Junade Ali is a British computer scientist known for research in cybersecurity.CEng registration number ''673221''. https://www.engc.org.uk/regcheck Ali studied for a Master of Science degree aged 17 and was awarded Chartered Engineer status by 24. He started his research career working on the UK's Motorway Incident Detection and Automatic Signalling network and working on the maximum coverage problem in road traffic sensor placement. Ali later worked for cybersecurity firm Cloudflare as an engineering manager where he worked on developing network diagnostic tooling, a security operations center and safety-engineered natural language processing. In February 2018, Ali created the first Compromised Credential Checking protocol (using ''k''-anonymity and cryptographic hashing) to anonymously verify whether a password was in a data breach without fully disclosing the searched password. This protocol was implemented as a public API and is now consumed by multiple websites and s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
