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Lospalos Case
The Lospalos case, also known as the Lospalos massacre or Lautém massacre, refers to the series of killings committed by the Indonesian Army and Pro-Indonesia militia, Pro-Indonesian militias from around April to September 1999 during the 1999 East Timorese crisis, 1999 East Timorese Crisis, in the area in and around Lospalos, Lautém Municipality, Lautém. Events On 21 April, Pro-Indonesian militants tortured and stabbed to death a Falintil member Evaristo Lopes. That same day Virgilio de Sousa was stabbed to death in his home in Somoco. Two days later a former Falintil member, Lamberto da Silva was killed by Indonesian soldiers in Cacaven. In September, nine people, Afonso dos Santos, Nberto da Luz, Nato, Joao, Sikito, Olantino, Jaime, Marito, Serpa Pinto and Francisco dos Santos disappeared in Fuiloro after having been detained by Indonesian soldiers. On 9 September Indonesian soldiers Mateus Nunes was killed at their post in Cacaven, they then cut his throat and threw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lautém Municipality
Lautém (, ) is one of the municipalities (formerly districts) of East Timor, at the eastern end of the country. It has a population of 64,135 (census 2010) and an area of 1,813 km2. Its capital is Lospalos, which lies 248 km east of the national capital, Dili. Etymology The word ''Lautém'' is a Portuguese approximation of the local Fataluku language word ''Lauteinu''. That word, in turn, is a portmanteau of the Fataluku words ''lau'' ('cloth') und ''tein'' ('sacred'), ie 'sacred cloth'. The mythical ancestors of today's municipal population were known as ''Lauteinu'' or ''Lauteira''. Geography To the west the municipality borders the municipalities of Baucau and Viqueque. To the north lies the Banda Sea, and to the south the Timor Sea. The municipality also includes the easternmost point of the island, Cape Cutcha in the administrative post of Tutuala, and the small island Jaco. The borders of the municipality of Lautém are identical to those of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Timor
Timor-Leste, also known as East Timor, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the coastal exclave of Oecusse in the island's northwest, and the outer islands of Atauro and Jaco. Timor-Leste shares a land border with Indonesia to the west, and Australia is the country's southern neighbour, across the Timor Sea. The country's size is . Dili, on the north coast of Timor, is its capital and largest city. Timor was settled over time by various Papuan and Austronesian peoples, which created a diverse mix of cultures and languages linked to both Southeast Asia and Melanesia. East Timor came under Portuguese influence in the sixteenth century, remaining a Portuguese colony until 1975. Internal conflict preceded a unilateral declaration of independence and an Indonesian invasion and annexation. The subsequent Indonesian occupation was characterised by extreme abuses of human ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1999 East Timorese Crisis
The 1999 East Timorese crisis began with attacks by pro-Indonesia militia groups on civilians, and expanded to general violence throughout the country, centred in the capital Dili. The violence intensified after a majority of eligible East Timorese voters 1999 East Timorese independence referendum, voted for independence from Indonesia. A Scorched Earth Operation by militia groups destroyed 80% of Dili's infrastructure. At least 1,400 civilians are believed to have been murdered both before and after voting. A UN-authorized force (INTERFET) consisting mainly of Australian Defence Force personnel was deployed to East Timor to establish and maintain peace. Background Independence for East Timor, or even limited regional autonomy, was not allowable under Suharto's New Order. Notwithstanding Indonesian public opinion in the 1990s occasionally showing begrudging appreciation of the Timorese position, it was widely feared that an independent East Timor would destabilise Indonesian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mass Killings
Mass killing is a concept which has been proposed by genocide scholars who wish to define incidents of non-combat killing which are perpetrated by a government or a state. A mass killing is commonly defined as the killing of group members without the intention to eliminate the whole group, or otherwise the killing of large numbers of people without a clear group membership. ''Mass killing'' is used by a number of genocide scholars because ''genocide'' (its strict definition) does not cover mass killing events in which no specific ethnic or religious groups are targeted, or events in which perpetrators do not intend to eliminate whole groups or significant parts of them. Genocide scholars use different models in order to explain and predict the onset of mass killing events. There has been little consensus and no generally-accepted terminology, prompting scholars, such as Anton Weiss-Wendt, to describe comparative attempts a failure. Genocide scholarship rarely appears in mainstrea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enforced Disappearances
An enforced disappearance (or forced disappearance) is the secret abduction or imprisonment of a person with the support or acquiescence of a State (polity), state followed by a refusal to acknowledge the person's fate or whereabouts with the intent of placing the victim outside the protection of the law. Often, forced disappearance implies murder whereby a victim is kidnapping, abducted, may be illegally prison, detained, and is often tortured during interrogation, ultimately killed, and the body disposed of secretly. The party committing the murder has plausible deniability as there is no evidence of the victim's death. Enforced disappearance was first recognized as a human rights issue in the 1970s as a result of Detenidos Desaparecidos, its use by military dictatorships in Latin America during the Dirty War. However, it has occurred all over the world. According to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which came into force on 1 July 2002, when committed as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesian Army
The Indonesian Army ( (TNI-AD), ) is the army, land branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It has an estimated strength of 300,400 active personnel. The history of the Indonesian Army has its roots in 1945 when the (TKR) "People's Security Army" first emerged as a paramilitary and police corps.Daves, Joseph H (2013) ''The Indonesian Army from Revolusi to Reformasi'' , p 15 Since the nation's independence movement, the Indonesian Army has been involved in multifaceted operations ranging from the Operation Trikora, incorporation of Western New Guinea, the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation, to the Operation Seroja, annexation of East Timor, as well as internal counter-insurgency operations in Aceh, Maluku Islands, Maluku, and Papua (province), Papua. The army's operations have not been without controversy; it has been periodically associated with human rights violations, particularly in West Papua (region), West Papua, East Timor, and Aceh.Schwarz, Adam (1994) ''A Natio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pro-Indonesia Militia
Pro-Indonesia militias in East Timor, commonly known as Wanra (), were active in the final years of the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, Indonesian occupation leading up to the 1999 East Timorese independence referendum, 1999 independence referendum. They were groups of armed civilians trained by the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) to maintain peace and order in their region on official orders. The Indonesian Constitution of 1945 and the Defence Law of 1988 stipulate that civilians have the right and duty to defend the state by receiving basic military training. History :de:Domingos_Maria_das_Dores_Soares, Domingos Maria das Dores Soares, Administrator of Dili, created the ''Pam Swakarsa'' ("Self-Initiated Security Group") on 17 May 1999. The decision named José Abílio Osório Soares, Governor of East Timor (province), Timor Timur, Lieutenant General Kiki Syahnakri, Provincial Military Commander (Danrem) and the Provincial Police Chief as the main advisors of Pam Swak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-Catholic Sentiment
Anti-Catholicism is hostility towards Catholics and opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy, and its adherents. Scholars have identified four categories of anti-Catholicism: constitutional-national, theological, popular and socio-cultural. At various points after the Reformation, many majority-Protestant states, including England, Northern Ireland, Prussia and Germany, Scotland, and the United States, turned anti-Catholicism, opposition to the authority of Catholic clergy (anti-clericalism), opposition to the authority of the pope ( anti-papalism), mockery of Catholic rituals, and opposition to Catholic adherents into major political themes and policies of religious discrimination and religious persecution. Major examples of populist groups that have targeted Catholics in recent history include Ulster loyalists in Northern Ireland during the Troubles and the second Ku Klux Klan in the United States. Historically, Catholics who lived in Protestant countries wer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genocidal Intent
Genocidal intent is the specific mental element, or , required to classify an act as genocide under international law, particularly the 1948 Genocide Convention. To establish genocide, perpetrators must be shown to have had the '' dolus specialis'', or specific intent, to destroy a particular national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, in whole or in part. Unlike broader war crimes or crimes against humanity, genocidal intent necessitates a deliberate aim to eliminate the targeted group rather than merely displace or harm its members. The concept of genocidal intent is complex and has spurred significant legal debate, primarily due to the challenge of proving an individual’s intent to destroy a group without direct evidence. International criminal tribunals, such as those for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia, have relied on circumstantial evidence to infer intent, considering the scale, systematic nature, and targeting patterns of atrocities. Legal standards for genocidal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lospalos
Lospalos (sometimes erroneously written as ''Los Palos'', assuming a nonexistent Spanish etymology) is a city in Timor-Leste, to the east of Dili, the national capital. Lospalos has a population of 17,186 (2006) and is the capital of Lautém Municipality and the Lospalos Administrative Post. The subdistrict has a population of 25,417 (2004). Internationally, "Lospalos" is mistakenly spelled as ''Los Palos'', suggesting a Spanish language, Spanish origin of the name. In fact, it is derived from ''Lohoasupala'', the name in Fataluku language, Fataluku, the local Papuan languages, Papuan language, although nowadays Fataluku speakers use the name ''Lospala''. The preferred spelling in English language, English, as well as Tetum language, Tetum and Portuguese language, Portuguese, the official languages of East Timor, is ''Lospalos''. Lospalos is the hometown of King Cipriano Monteiro da Costa "Ratu-Mimiraka" (approx.1890–1953), the King of the Souro Tribes of Watchumura Rato c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Falintil
The Armed Forces for the National Liberation of East Timor (, Falintil) originally began as the military wing of the Fretilin party of East Timor. It was established on 20 August 1975 in response to Fretilin's political conflict with the Timorese Democratic Union (UDT). Indonesian invasion Falintil gained most of its initial military units when most of the former Portuguese garrison forces in the territory switched allegiance to it in August 1975 after the Portuguese withdrew following the 1974 Carnation Revolution. At the time of the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975, Falintil consisted of 2,500 regular troops, 7,000 with some Portuguese military training, and 10,000 who had attended short military instruction courses, for a total of 20,000. The first commander of Falintil was Nicolau Lobato, who was killed during a battle with the Indonesian Armed Forces in 1978. Xanana Gusmão was elected as his replacement during a secret national conference in Lacluta, V ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
