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List Of Things Named After Ludwig Boltzmann
This is a list of things named after the Austrian physicist and philosopher Ludwig Boltzmann, Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (20 February 1844 – 5 September 1906). Science and mathematics *List_of_cosmological_computation_software#Cosmological_Boltzmann_codes, Boltzmann codes *Boltzmann's entropy formula **Entropy_(statistical_thermodynamics)#Boltzmann's_principle, Boltzmann's principle *H-theorem, Boltzmann's H-theorem *Boltzmann brain *Boltzmann constant *Boltzmann distribution *Boltzmann equation **Quantum Boltzmann equation *Boltzmann factor *Boltzmann machine **Boltzmann_machine#Deep_Boltzmann_machine, Deep Boltzmann machine **Restricted Boltzmann machine *Boltzmann–Matano analysis *Boltzmann relation *Boltzmann sampler *Selection_(genetic_algorithm)#Boltzmann_Selection, Boltzmann selection *Lattice Boltzmann methods *Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution *Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics *Poisson–Boltzmann equation *Stefan–Boltzmann law **Stefan–Boltzmann constant *Wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludwig Boltzmann
Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann ( ; ; 20 February 1844 – 5 September 1906) was an Austrian mathematician and Theoretical physics, theoretical physicist. His greatest achievements were the development of statistical mechanics and the statistical explanation of the second law of thermodynamics. In 1877 he provided the current definition of entropy, S = k_ \ln \Omega, where Ω is the number of microstates whose energy equals the system's energy, interpreted as a measure of the statistical disorder of a system. Max Planck named the constant the Boltzmann constant. Statistical mechanics is one of the pillars of modern physics. It describes how macroscopic observations (such as temperature and pressure) are related to microscopic parameters that fluctuate around an average. It connects thermodynamic quantities (such as heat capacity) to microscopic behavior, whereas, in classical thermodynamics, the only available option would be to measure and tabulate such quantities for various mat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selection (genetic Algorithm)
Selection is a genetic operator in an evolutionary algorithm (EA). An EA is a metaheuristic inspired by Evolution, biological evolution and aims to solve challenging problems at least Approximation, approximately. Selection has a dual purpose: on the one hand, it can choose individual genomes from a population for subsequent breeding (e.g., using the Crossover (genetic algorithm), crossover operator). In addition, selection mechanisms are also used to choose candidate solutions (individuals) for the next generation. The biological model is natural selection. Retaining the best individual(s) of one generation unchanged in the next generation is called ''elitism'' or ''elitist selection''. It is a successful (slight) variant of the general process of constructing a new population. The basis for selection is the quality of an individual, which is determined by the fitness function. In Memetic algorithm, memetic algorithms, an extension of EA, selection also takes place in the select ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludwig Boltzmann Institut Für Menschenrechte
The Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights (BIM; German: Ludwig Boltzmann Institut für Menschenrechte) is a Vienna-based research institute affiliated with the Austrian Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft, that specializes in the area of human rights. History It was founded in 1992 by Felix Ermacora, Manfred Nowak and Hannes Tretter, all three Professors of Law at the University of Vienna. Felix Ermacora († 1995) served as its first director, followed by Manfred Nowak and Hannes Tretter as joint scientific directors (2009–2019). Since 2019 Michael Lysander Fremuth has been scientific director. Fremuth also holds a professorship for Fundamental and Human Rights at the University of Vienna. The institute is located at Freyung 6 in the city center of Vienna/Austria. It cooperates with the Institut für Staats- und Verwaltungsrecht at the University of Vienna. In 1993, the Institute organised and coordinated the activities of more than 3,000 NGO delegates during the World Confere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludwig Boltzmann Institute For Neo-Latin Studies
The Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Neo-Latin Studies (LBI; ) in Innsbruck is a research institute of the Austrian Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft.Jahresbericht des Zentrums für Alte Kulturen Partner organizations of the LBI are the University of Innsbruck, the University of Freiburg, the Austrian National Library in Vienna, and the Pontificio Comitato di Scienze Storiche in Rome. The LBI was founded in 2011 and is dedicated to the study of Neo-Latin Neo-LatinSidwell, Keith ''Classical Latin-Medieval Latin-Neo Latin'' in ; others, throughout. (also known as New Latin and Modern Latin) is the style of written Latin used in original literary, scholarly, and scientific works, first in Italy d ... literature. It particularly focuses on the significance of Neo-Latin literature in the formation of Early Modern Europe. The LBI attempts to flesh out the idea that today's Europe would look very differently without the contribution of Neo-Latin literature. This idea is explored by means ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft
The Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft (LBG) is an Austrian network of specialized research institutes that are not part of a university. It was founded in 1961 and named after physicist Ludwig Boltzmann Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann ( ; ; 20 February 1844 – 5 September 1906) was an Austrian mathematician and Theoretical physics, theoretical physicist. His greatest achievements were the development of statistical mechanics and the statistical ex .... In 1999, the Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft comprised 131 institutes in the fields of medicine, humanities and social sciences. After 2006, the number of institutes was greatly reduced. Current institutes * LBI Applied Diagnostics * LBI Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Reality * LBI Cancer Research * LBI Clinical Forensic Imaging * LBI COPD and Respiratory Epidemiology * LBI Electrical Stimulation and Physical Rehabilitation * LBI Experimental and Clinical Traumatology * LBI für Health Technology Assessment * LB ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boltzmann Medal
The Boltzmann Medal (or Boltzmann Award) is a prize awarded to physicists that obtain new results concerning statistical mechanics; it is named after the celebrated physicist Ludwig Boltzmann. The Boltzmann Medal is awarded once every three years by the Commission on Statistical Physics of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, during the STATPHYS conference. The award consists of a gilded medal; its front carries the inscription ''Ludwig Boltzmann, 1844–1906''. Recipients All the winners are influential physicists or mathematicians whose contribution to statistical physics have been relevant in the past decades. Institution with multiple recipients are Sapienza University of Rome (3) and École Normale Supérieure, Cornell University, University of Cambridge and Princeton University (2). The Medal cannot be awarded to a scientist who already has been a laureate of a Nobel Prize. Three recipients of the Boltzmann Medal have gone on to win the Nobel Prize in Physi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boltzmann (crater)
Boltzmann is an old lunar impact crater that is located along the southern limb of the Moon, in the vicinity of the south pole. At this location the crater is viewed from the side from Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to Planetary habitability, harbor life. This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all ..., and so not much detail can be seen. It is located to the north of the walled plain Drygalski, and to the west of the crater Le Gentil. This formation has become eroded by many tiny impacts, leaving the features rounded and worn. Little of the original rim still stands above the surrounding terrain, leaving only a depression in the surface. The interior is relatively flat, with a rougher surface in the eastern half. There are several tiny craterlets on the crater interior, including a pair near the southwest inner wall and a small, bowl-shaped ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
24712 Boltzmann
__NOTOC__ Year 471 ( CDLXXI) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known in the Roman Empire as the Year of the Consulship of Novus and Probianus (or, less frequently, year 1224 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 471 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * Basiliscus, brother-in-law of Emperor Leo I, returns from exile (see 468) and leads an imperial conspiracy against Aspar (''magister militum''), helping in his murder at Constantinople. Britannia * The army of King Ceretic of Strathclyde raids the Irish coast, carries off some of Saint Patrick's followers, and sells them into slavery (approximate date). Europe * The Visigoths under Euric conquer a large part of the Provence (Southern Gaul). The city of Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne is besieged. * The Goths, led by Theodoric ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Williams Spray Equation
In combustion, the Williams spray equation, also known as the Williams–Boltzmann equation, describes the statistical evolution of sprays contained in another fluid, analogous to the Boltzmann equation for the molecules, named after Forman A. Williams, who derived the equation in 1958. Mathematical description The sprays are assumed to be spherical with radius r, even though the assumption is valid for solid particles(liquid droplets) when their shape has no consequence on the combustion. For liquid droplets to be nearly spherical, the spray has to be dilute(total volume occupied by the sprays is much less than the volume of the gas) and the Weber number We = 2r\rho_g, \mathbf-\mathbf, ^2/\sigma, where \rho_g is the gas density, \mathbf is the spray droplet velocity, \mathbf is the gas velocity and \sigma is the surface tension of the liquid spray, should be We \ll 10. The equation is described by a number density function f_j(r,\mathbf,\mathbf,T,t) \, dr \, d\mathbf \, d\mathbf\ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stefan–Boltzmann Law
The Stefan–Boltzmann law, also known as ''Stefan's law'', describes the intensity of the thermal radiation emitted by matter in terms of that matter's temperature. It is named for Josef Stefan, who empirically derived the relationship, and Ludwig Boltzmann who derived the law theoretically. For an ideal absorber/emitter or black body, the Stefan–Boltzmann law states that the total energy radiated per unit area, surface area per unit time (also known as the ''radiant exitance'') is directly Proportionality (mathematics), proportional to the fourth power of the black body's temperature, : M^ = \sigma\, T^. The constant of proportionality, \sigma, is called the Stefan–Boltzmann constant. It has the value In the general case, the Stefan–Boltzmann law for radiant exitance takes the form: M = \varepsilon\, M^ = \varepsilon\,\sigma\, T^4 , where \varepsilon is the emissivity of the surface emitting the radiation. The emissivity is generally between zero and one. An emiss ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poisson–Boltzmann Equation
The Poisson–Boltzmann equation describes the distribution of the electric potential in solution in the direction normal to a charged surface. This distribution is important to determine how the electrostatic interactions will affect the molecules in solution. It is expressed as a differential equation of the electric potential \psi, which depends on the solvent permitivity \varepsilon, the solution temperature T, and the mean concentration of each ion species c_i^0: :\nabla^2 \psi = - \frac \sum_i c_i^0 q_i \exp \left( \frac \right) The Poisson–Boltzmann equation is derived via mean-field assumptions. From the Poisson–Boltzmann equation many other equations have been derived with a number of different assumptions. Origins Background and derivation The Poisson–Boltzmann equation describes a model proposed independently by Louis Georges Gouy and David Leonard Chapman in 1910 and 1913, respectively. In the Gouy-Chapman model, a charged solid comes into contact with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
