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List Of Open Letters By Academics
This article lists notable open letters that were initiated by scientists or other academics or have a substantial share of academic signees. Open letters that are not open for signing by other academics or the public in general and have not received both a large number of signatures – in specific no less than 10 before 2000 and no less than 40 after 2010 – and substantial media attention are not included, nor are petitions. With the advent of the Internet and World Wide Web, such open letters may have become far more frequent. Open letters targeting or defending individual academics or small groups of scholars as well as letters calling for Retraction in academic publishing, retractions of specific studies are not included. , - , , 2023 , , European Union / , Changes to the proposed Cyber Resilience Act due to "unnecessary economic and technological risk to the EU" and improving engagement with the under-represented open source software community as "more than 70% of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open Letter
An open letter is a Letter (message), letter that is intended to be read by a wide audience, or a letter intended for an individual, but that is nonetheless widely distributed intentionally. Open letters usually take the form of a letter (message), letter addressed to an individual but are provided to the public through newspapers and other media, such as a letter to the editor or blog. Critical open letters addressed to political leaders are especially common. Two of the most famous and influential open letters are ''J'accuse...!'' by Émile Zola to the president of France, accusing the French government of wrongfully convicting Alfred Dreyfus for alleged espionage; and Martin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 "Letter from Birmingham Jail", including the famous quotation "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere". Context In previous centuries, Letter (message), letter writing was a significant form of communication. Letters were normally kept private between the sender and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imaging Neuroscience
Imaging is the representation or reproduction of an object's form; especially a visual representation (i.e., the formation of an image). Imaging technology is the application of materials and methods to create, preserve, or duplicate images. Imaging science is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the generation, collection, duplication, analysis, modification, and visualization of images,Joseph P. Hornak, ''Encyclopedia of Imaging Science and Technology'' (John Wiley & Sons, 2002) including imaging things that the human eye cannot detect. As an evolving field it includes research and researchers from physics, mathematics, electrical engineering, computer vision, computer science, and perceptual psychology. '' Imagers'' are imaging sensors. Imaging chain The foundation of imaging science as a discipline is the "imaging chain" – a conceptual model describing all of the factors which must be considered when developing a system for creating visual renderings (images). In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open Source Software Development
Open-source software development (OSSD) is the process by which open-source software, or similar software whose source code is publicly available, is developed by an open-source software project. These are software products available with its source code under an open-source license to study, change, and improve its design. Examples of some popular open-source software products are Mozilla Firefox, Google Chromium, Android, LibreOffice and the VLC media player. History In 1997, Eric S. Raymond wrote ''The Cathedral and the Bazaar''.Raymond, E.S. (1999). ''The Cathedral & the Bazaar''. O'Reilly Retrieved from http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/. In this book, Raymond makes the distinction between two kinds of software development. The first is the conventional closed-source development. This kind of development method is, according to Raymond, like the building of a cathedral; central planning, tight organization and one process from start to finish. The second is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyber Resilience Act
The Cyber Resilience Act (CRA) is an EU regulation for improving cybersecurity and cyber resilience in the EU through common cybersecurity standards for products with digital elements in the EU, such as required incident reports and automatic security updates. Products with digital elements mainly are hardware and software whose "intended and foreseeable use includes direct or indirect data connection to a device or network". After its proposal on 15 September 2022 by the European Commission, multiple open source organizations criticized CRA for creating a "chilling effect on open source software development". The European Commission reached political agreement on the CRA on 1 December 2023, after a series of amendments. The revised bill introduced the "open source steward", a new economic concept, and received relief from many open source organizations due to its exception for open-source software, while Debian criticized its effect on small businesses and redistributors. The C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Document Foundation
The Document Foundation (TDF) is a non-profit organization that supports the development of LibreOffice, a free and open-source office suite. Established in 2010 by members of the OpenOffice.org community, TDF aims to provide a vendor-neutral platform for office software development, with a focus on the OpenDocument format. It is incorporated as a ''Stiftung A Stiftung () (properly ''Stiftung'', pl. ''Stiftungen'') is an institution or foundation that, with the aid of a property, pursues a purpose determined by the founder. A ''Stiftung foundation'' exists to give effect to the stated, non-commercial ...'' (foundation) under German law. TDF was created amid concerns that Oracle Corporation—which had acquired Sun Microsystems, the original sponsor of OpenOffice.org—might discontinue or limit its development, similar to the fate of OpenSolaris. Organization The Document Foundation has several governing bodies that oversee its operations: * the Board of Directors, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open Source Initiative
The Open Source Initiative (OSI) is a California public benefit corporation "actively involved in Open Source community-building, education, and public advocacy to promote awareness and the importance of non-proprietary software". Governance The OSI is a California public-benefit nonprofit corporation, with 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status. The organization is professionally overseen by an Executive Director and staff, and supported by itBoard of Directorsresponsible for overseeing duty of care, fiduciary duty, and strategic alignment to mission. Open Source Definition The Open Source Definition is a derivative document based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG), released in 1997 by Bruce Perens. As Debian Project Leader, Perens released the scribed DFSG on July 4, 1997. In an announce post, Perens states he hopes other distributions use the DFSG as a model and states "We hope that other software projects, including other Linux distributions, will use this document as a mode ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Free And Open Source Software
Free and open-source software (FOSS) is software available under a Software license, license that grants users the right to use, modify, and distribute the software modified or not to everyone free of charge. FOSS is an inclusive umbrella term encompassing free software and open-source software. The rights guaranteed by FOSS originate from the "Four Essential Freedoms" of ''The Free Software Definition'' and the criteria of ''The Open Source Definition''. All FOSS can have publicly available source code, but not all source-available software is FOSS. FOSS is the opposite of proprietary software, which is licensed restrictively or has undisclosed source code. The historical precursor to FOSS was the hobbyist and academic public domain software ecosystem of the 1960s to 1980s. Free and open-source operating systems such as Linux distributions and descendants of BSD are widely used, powering millions of server (computing), servers, desktop computer, desktops, smartphones, and othe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Future Of Life Institute
The Future of Life Institute (FLI) is a nonprofit organization which aims to steer wikt:transformative, transformative technology towards benefiting life and away from large-scale risks, with a focus on existential risk from artificial general intelligence, existential risk from advanced artificial intelligence (AI). FLI's work includes grantmaking, educational outreach, and advocacy within the United Nations, United States government, and European Union institutions. The founders of the Institute include Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT cosmologist Max Tegmark, University of California, Santa Cruz, UCSC cosmologist Anthony Aguirre, and Skype co-founder Jaan Tallinn; among the Institute's advisors is entrepreneur Elon Musk. Purpose FLI's stated mission is to steer transformative technology towards benefiting life and away from large-scale risks. FLI's philosophy focuses on the potential risk to humanity from the development of human-level or superintelligent artif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Existential Risk From Artificial General Intelligence
Existential risk from artificial intelligence refers to the idea that substantial progress in artificial general intelligence (AGI) could lead to human extinction or an irreversible global catastrophe. One argument for the importance of this risk references how human beings dominate other species because the human brain possesses distinctive capabilities other animals lack. If AI were to surpass human intelligence and become superintelligent, it might become uncontrollable. Just as the fate of the mountain gorilla depends on human goodwill, the fate of humanity could depend on the actions of a future machine superintelligence. The plausibility of existential catastrophe due to AI is widely debated. It hinges in part on whether AGI or superintelligence are achievable, the speed at which dangerous capabilities and behaviors emerge, and whether practical scenarios for AI takeovers exist. Concerns about superintelligence have been voiced by computer scientists and tech CEOs such ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GPT-4
Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) is a multimodal large language model trained and created by OpenAI and the fourth in its series of GPT foundation models. It was launched on March 14, 2023, and made publicly available via the paid chatbot product ChatGPT Plus until being replaced in 2025, via OpenAI's API, and via the free chatbot Microsoft Copilot. GPT-4 is more capable than its predecessor GPT-3.5. GPT-4 Vision (GPT-4V) is a version of GPT-4 that can process images in addition to text. OpenAI has not revealed technical details and statistics about GPT-4, such as the precise size of the model. As a transformer-based model, GPT-4 uses a paradigm where pre-training using both public data and "data licensed from third-party providers" is used to predict the next token. After this step, the model was then fine-tuned with reinforcement learning feedback from humans and AI for human alignment and policy compliance. Background OpenAI introduced the fir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moratorium (science And Technology)
Moratorium (from Late Latin ''morātōrium'', neuter of ''morātōrius'', "delaying") may refer to: Law *Moratorium (law), a delay or suspension of an activity or a law Music *"Moratorium", a song by Alanis Morissette on her album ''Flavors of Entanglement'' *"Moratorium", a song by Band-Maid on their album '' Just Bring It'' Protests * Black Moratorium, January 1972 Indigenous rights protest in Australia *Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam, demonstrations against the Vietnam War held in the United States and Australia in 1969 Other uses *2010 United States deepwater drilling moratorium, a six-month suspension following a catastrophic oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico *Debt moratorium, delay allowed in repayment of debts *July Moratorium, a period with limited activity in the National Basketball Association (NBA) before their salary cap is announced *Moratorium (entertainment) A moratorium is the practice of suspending the sales of films on home video DVD, VHS, and Blu-ray ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
