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List Of Mannerist Structures In Southern Poland
The mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland includes two major traditions, Polish/Italian and Dutch/Flemish, that dominated in northern Poland. The Silesian mannerism of southwestern Poland was largely influenced by Bohemian and German mannerism, while the Pomeranian mannerism of northwestern Poland was influenced by Gothic tradition and Northern German mannerism. The Jews in Poland adapted patterns of Italian and Polish mannerism to their own tradition. The mannerist complex of Kalwaria Zebrzydowska and mannerist City of Zamość are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Polish mannerism, though largely dominated by Italian architects and sculptors, has unique characteristics which differentiate it from its Italian equivalent, including attics, decorational motives, the construction and shape of buildings, and Dutch, Bohemian, and German influences. Among the notable architects and sculptors of Polish/Italian mannerism were Santi Gucci, Jan Michałowicz of Urzędów, Giov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mannerist Architecture And Sculpture In Poland
Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland dominated between 1550 and 1650, when it was finally replaced with baroque. The style includes various mannerist traditions, which are closely related with ethnic and religious diversity of the country, as well as with its economic and political situation at that time. The mannerist complex of Kalwaria Zebrzydowska and mannerist City of Zamość are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Conditions of development and features The period between 1550 and 1650 was a Golden Age of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (created in 1569) and a Golden Age of Poland. It was a time of economic prosperity due to grain trade. Grain was kept in richly embellished granaries (e.g. in Kazimierz Dolny) and transported along the Vistula to the main port of Poland - Gdańsk, where it was sold to the Netherlands, England, France, Italy and Spain (about 80% of the city's revenues in the beginning of the 17th century came from grain trade). It was also the time ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Renaissance Manor House In Branice By Maire
The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas and achievements of classical antiquity. It occurred after the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages and was associated with great social change. In addition to the standard periodization, proponents of a "long Renaissance" may put its beginning in the 14th century and its end in the 17th century. The traditional view focuses more on the early modern aspects of the Renaissance and argues that it was a break from the past, but many historians today focus more on its medieval aspects and argue that it was an extension of the Middle Ages. However, the beginnings of the period – the early Renaissance of the 15th century and the Italian Proto-Renaissance from around 1250 or 1300 – overlap considerably with the Late Middle Ages, conventionally da ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battlement
A battlement in defensive architecture, such as that of city walls or castles, comprises a parapet (i.e., a defensive low wall between chest-height and head-height), in which gaps or indentations, which are often rectangular, occur at intervals to allow for the launch of arrows or other projectiles from within the defences. These gaps are termed " crenels" (also known as ''carnels'', or '' embrasures''), and a wall or building with them is called crenellated; alternative (older) terms are castellated and embattled. The act of adding crenels to a previously unbroken parapet is termed crenellation. The function of battlements in war is to protect the defenders by giving them something to hide behind, from which they can pop out to launch their own missiles. A defensive building might be designed and built with battlements, or a manor house might be fortified by adding battlements, where no parapet previously existed, or cutting crenellations into its existing parapet wall. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Keep
A keep (from the Middle English ''kype'') is a type of fortified tower built within castles during the Middle Ages by European nobility. Scholars have debated the scope of the word ''keep'', but usually consider it to refer to large towers in castles that were fortified residences, used as a refuge of last resort should the rest of the castle fall to an adversary. The first keeps were made of timber and formed a key part of the motte-and-bailey castles that emerged in Normandy and Anjou during the 10th century; the design spread to England, south Italy and Sicily. As a result of the Norman invasion of 1066, use spread into Wales during the second half of the 11th century and into Ireland in the 1170s. The Anglo-Normans and French rulers began to build stone keeps during the 10th and 11th centuries; these included Norman keeps, with a square or rectangular design, and circular shell keeps. Stone keeps carried considerable political as well as military importance and could tak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kamienica Bonerowska
Kamienica may refer to: *Kamienica (architecture), a type of tenement building especially prevalent in Poland *Kamienica (river), a river in south-western Poland *Kamienica, Kłodzko County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland) *Kamienica, Jawor County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland) *Kamienica, Gmina Dobrzyń nad Wisłą in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland) *Kamienica, Tuchola County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland) *Kamienica, Gmina Skępe in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland) *Kamienica, Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland) *Kamienica, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland) *Kamienica, Bytów County in Pomeranian Voivodeship *Kamienica, Limanowa County in Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland) *Kamienica, Miechów County in Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland) *Kamienica, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland) *Kamienica, Konin County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caryatid
A caryatid ( or or ; grc, Καρυᾶτις, pl. ) is a sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar supporting an entablature on her head. The Greek term ''karyatides'' literally means "maidens of Karyai", an ancient town on the Peloponnese. Karyai had a temple dedicated to the goddess Artemis in her aspect of Artemis Karyatis: "As Karyatis she rejoiced in the dances of the nut-tree village of Karyai, those Karyatides, who in their ecstatic round-dance carried on their heads baskets of live reeds, as if they were dancing plants". An atlas or telamon is a male version of a caryatid, i.e. a sculpted male statue serving as an architectural support. Etymology The term is first recorded in the Latin form ''caryatides'' by the Roman architect Vitruvius. He stated in his 1st century BC work '' De architectura'' (I.1.5) that the female figures of the Erechtheion represented the punishment of the women of Caryae, a town near Sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
False Dmitriy I
False Dmitry I ( rus, Лжедмитрий I, Lzhedmitriy I) (or Pseudo-Demetrius I) reigned as the Tsar of Russia from 10 June 1605 until his death on 17 May 1606 under the name of Dmitriy Ivanovich ( rus, Дмитрий Иванович). According to historian Chester S.L. Dunning, Dmitry was "the only Tsar ever raised to the throne by means of a military campaign and popular uprisings". He was the first, and most successful, of three "pretenders" (russian: самозванцы (sing.: самозванец), samozvanets) who claimed during the Time of Troubles to be the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich, who supposedly escaped a 1591 assassination attempt when he was eight years old. It is generally believed that the real Dmitry of Uglich died in Uglich in 1591. False Dmitry claimed that his mother, Maria Nagaya, anticipated the assassination attempt ordered by Boris Godunov and helped him escape to a monastery in the Tsardom of Russia, and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marina Mniszech
Marina Mniszech, ( pl, Maryna Mniszech; russian: Марина Мнишек, Marina Mnishek, ) also known in Russian lore as Marinka the Witch ( 1588 – 24 December 1614) was a Polish noblewoman who became the Tsaritsa of Russia during the Time of Troubles. A devout Catholic, she hoped to convert Russia's population to Catholicism. Life Marina Mniszech was a daughter of Jadwiga Tarło and Polish Voivode-Governor of Sandomierz Jerzy Mniszech, who was one of the organizers of the Dimitriads, which were instigated by the appearance of a man who claimed to be Ivan the Terrible's son. Marina Mniszech's marriage to False Dmitriy I provided an opportunity for the Polish magnates to control their protégé. Mniszech met False Dmitry I around 1604 or 1605, at the court of one of the Commonwealth magnates, and agreed to marry him. In return for her hand Dmitri promised her Pskov and Novgorod, and her father Smolensk and Severia. After the death of Boris Godunov, Dmitri captured Moscow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marszałek
Marszałek ( en, Marshal, , be, Маршалак, ) was one of the highest officials in the Polish royal court since the 13th century and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the 15th century. He was the oldest-ranking of all court officials and was considered the most important advisor to the King of Poland. History The term ''marszałek'', derived from Old German ''marh-skalk'' or ''horse-servant'' came to Polish language in the 13th century from Bohemia. Initially it retained its original meaning but then evolved to denote the primary military leader in various courts of princes, most notably in Silesia. However, soon the term evolved and started denoting one of the functions at the court. In the 14th century the royal court in Kraków introduced an office of the ''Marshal of the Polish Kingdom'' (''marszałek Królestwa Polskiego''), which was one of the offices reserved for kings' advisors. The first recorded mention of a Marszałek is at the Battle of Legnica in Silesia on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kraków
Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, economic, cultural and artistic life. Cited as one of Europe's most beautiful cities, its Old Town with Wawel Royal Castle was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978, one of the first 12 sites granted the status. The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second-most-important city. It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was reported by Ibrahim Ibn Yakoub, a merchant from Cordoba, as a busy trading centre of Central Europe in 985. With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918 and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalwaria Zebrzydowska1
{{disambiguation ...
Kalwaria may refer to any of the Polish towns named after Calvary (the site of Jesus's crucifixion): *Góra Kalwaria, sanctuary near Warsaw *Kalwaria Pacławska, sanctuary near Przemyśl *Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, sanctuary near Kraków *Kalwaria, Pomeranian Voivodeship See also *Kalvarija (other) Kalvarija (that means, Calvary) may refer to: *Kalvarija, Lithuania, a city *Kalvarija Municipality, Lithuania *Kalvarija (hill), a hill in Maribor, Slovenia *Kalvarija (Zemun), a neighborhood in Belgrade, Serbia *Žemaičių Kalvarija, a town in L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
