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List Of Deceased Maraji
This article provides the list of deceased ''marjas, maraji'' (plural of ''marja'', the supreme legal authority or the source of emulation), both current and deceased, followed by Twelver (also known as ''Imamiyyah'') Shia Muslims around the world. The concept of a ''marja-i taqlid'' (lit. source of emulation) is central to Usuli Shi'a Islam. ''Marja-i taqlids'' provide religious interpretations on matters of law and rituals. Among the functions of ''marja-i taqlids'' is the collection and distribution of religious taxes (''zakat'' and ''khums''). Deceased ''Note: The names are ordered by date of death (descending) as an arbitrary standard.'' Till 350 AH/960 Common Era, CE Following are ulema (who may or may not be considered maraji) who have spent their major life spans before 350 Islamic calendar, AH/960 Common Era, CE: 351 Islamic calendar, AH/961 Common Era, CE to 1200 AH/1785 Common Era, CE Following are ulema who have spent their major life span between 350 Islamic cale ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marjas
Marja (; plural ''marājiʿ''; ) is a title given to the highest level of Twelver Shia religious cleric, with the authority given by a hawzah (a seminary where Shi'a Muslim scholars are educated) to make legal decisions within the confines of Sharia, Islamic law for followers and clerics below him in rank. The highest ranking ''marjiʿ'' is known as the ''marja al-mutlaq'' or ''marja al-taqlid al-mutlaq''. A marji' is usually also a grand ayatollah. Sources differ as to when the institution of the marja˓ emerged, with Murtadha al-Ansari (died 1864) and Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (died 940 or 941) both being called the first marja'. As of 2023, there are approximately List of current maraji, over 50 living maraji, almost all residing in Iran or Iraq. Title Currently, maraji' are accorded the title ''grand ayatollah'' ( ''ʾĀyatullāh al-ʿUẓmā''). Previously, the titles of Allamah (such as Allameh Tabatabaei, Allameh Majlesi, Allameh Hilli) and Imam (such as Imam Khomei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uthman Ibn Sa'id Al-Asadi
Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi al-Amri ( ') was the first of the Four Deputies, who are believed by the Twelvers to have successively represented their twelfth Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, during his Minor Occultation (874–941 CE). Uthman is also said to have been a trusted representative of the tenth and eleventh Imams, Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari, respectively. The date of his death is not certain, though it is believed that Uthman did not survive al-Askari for long. Historical background Until their deaths, the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams ( Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari, respectively) were held under close surveillance in the garrison town of Samarra by the Abbasids, who are often responsible in Shia sources for poisoning the two Imams. The two Imams witnessed the deterioration of the Abbasid caliphate, as the imperial authority rapidly transitioned into the hands of the Turks, particularly after al-Mutawakkil. Contemporary to the tenth Imam, the Abbasid al-Mutawakkil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sharif Razi
Abū al-Ḥasan Muḥammad bin al-Ḥusayn bin Mūsā al-Abrash al-Mūsawī (; 970 – 1015), also known as al-Sharīf al-Raḍī () was an Iraqi Shia scholar and poet. Al-Radi wrote several books on Islamic issues and interpretation of the Quran. His most well-known book is '' Nahj al-Balagha''. His elder brother al-Sharif al-Murtada was also a theologian and poet. His work is still published in the universities of Cairo and Beirut, and is part of the course of Arabic literature. Pedigree Al-Radi's father, Abu Ahmad al-Husayn ibn Musa, was a descendant of Ibrahim al-Asghar, the son of the seventh Shia imam, Musa al-Kazim. There are also claims that he is the descendant of Ibrahim al-Mujab, the grandson of al-Kazim. His mother was the granddaughter of Hasan al-Utrush, a descendant of the fourth Shia imam, Ali Zayn al-Abidin. For this reason, he was also known as ''thil hasabayn'' (the possessor of two lineages), since he relates back to the Ahl al-Bayt paternally and mate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Sharif Al-Radi
Abū al-Ḥasan Muḥammad bin al-Ḥusayn bin Mūsā al-Abrash al-Mūsawī (; 970 – 1015), also known as al-Sharīf al-Raḍī () was an Iraqi Shia scholar and poet. Al-Radi wrote several books on Islamic issues and interpretation of the Quran. His most well-known book is '' Nahj al-Balagha''. His elder brother al-Sharif al-Murtada was also a theologian and poet. His work is still published in the universities of Cairo and Beirut, and is part of the course of Arabic literature. Pedigree Al-Radi's father, Abu Ahmad al-Husayn ibn Musa, was a descendant of Ibrahim al-Asghar, the son of the seventh Shia imam, Musa al-Kazim. There are also claims that he is the descendant of Ibrahim al-Mujab, the grandson of al-Kazim. His mother was the granddaughter of Hasan al-Utrush, a descendant of the fourth Shia imam, Ali Zayn al-Abidin. For this reason, he was also known as ''thil hasabayn'' (the possessor of two lineages), since he relates back to the Ahl al-Bayt paternally and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sahib Ibn Abbad
Abu’l-Qāsim Ismāʿīl ibn ʿAbbād ibn al-ʿAbbās (; born 938 - died 30 March 995), better known as Ṣāḥib ibn ʿAbbād (), also known as al-Ṣāḥib (), was a Persian scholar and statesman, who served as the grand vizier of the Buyid rulers of Ray from 976 to 995. A native of the suburbs of Isfahan, he was greatly interested in Arab culture, and wrote on dogmatic theology, history, grammar, lexicography, scholarly criticism and wrote poetry and ''belles-lettres''. Life Sahib was born on 14 September 938 in Talaqancha, a village roughly 20 miles south of the major Buyid city of Isfahan. His father was Abu'l-Hasan Abbad ibn Abbas (d. 946), a renowned and well-educated administrator, who composed works on the Mu'tazili doctrine. Sahib spent his childhood at Talakan, a town in Daylam near Qazvin. He later settled in Isfahan, and served for some time as an official of the Buyid ruler of Jibal, Rukn al-Dawla (r. 935–976). After the death of his father, Sahib became the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Babawayh
Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Babawayh al-Qummi ( Persian: ; –991), commonly referred to as Ibn Babawayh (Persian: ) or al-Shaykh al-Saduq (Persian: ), was a Persian Shia Islamic scholar whose work, entitled '' Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih'' (), forms part of The Four Books of the Shia Hadith collection. Ludwig W. Adamec (2009), ''Historical Dictionary of Islam'', p.135. Scarecrow Press. . Life The patronymic, ''Ibn Babawayh'' indicates a Persian origin, as ''Babawayh'' is an Arabic form of the Persian name ''Babuyah''.Fyzee A. "A Shi'ite Creed." Calcutta, 1942 p8 footnote 2. For some length of time, unknown, the family had been devout adherents of Shia Islam. Ibn Babawayh's father, Ali ibn Babawayh Qummi (d. 939 CE) was a leading figure among the Islamic scholars of Qom.''Man la yahduruhu al-faqih.'' al-Musawi al-Khurasan H. Teheran, 1390. pages h-w. Birth The exact date of Ibn Babawayh's birth is not known. Shia scholars consider his birth to be after the yea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Jonayd Eskafi
Ibn al-Junayd al-Eskafi () was one of the first eminent Shi'a jurists during the fourth century lunar hijrah. Early life Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Ahmad Katib Iskafi (tenth century AD/fourth century lunar) was born in Iskaf, a region near Nahrawan Canal in Iraq. His date of birth is uncertain. He may have traveled to Nishapur. He may have visited Muhammed Ibn Hosein Alavi. According to Shaykh Mufid's sayings, it seems that Ibn Jonayd passed most of his life in Baghdad. He may have had communication with the twelfth Imam. Jurisprudence He took a different approach in understanding Shia traditions. He believed in a theological basis for interpretation of Hadith. He believed that a jurist can commit to khabarun wahid (traditions with a single chain of transmission) and qiyas (syllogism) in jurisprudence. He acted like antecedent jurists such as Fazl ibn Shazan and Younes ibn Abdul Rahman. One of his characteristics in Fiqh discussion was that he believed to Ihtiyat (probability) app ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Ayyashi
Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi () or Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi Samarqandi () (probably died on 932), known as Ayyashi (), was an eminent Shia Islam scholar. He had many works in the field of exegesis of the Quran, Islamic jurisprudence, Arabic literature and hadith. His exegesis of the Quran, known as Tafsir Ayyashi, is his most famous book. Birthplace and lineage His full name was ''Mohammad ibn Masoud ibn Mohammad Ayyashi Salami Samarqandi'' () or ''Mohammad ibn Masoud Ayyashi Iraqi Kufi'' () and his kunya or teknonymy was ''Abu Nazr'' (). From the date of his birth and the birthplace of him, has not been recorded in history and only he has been mentioned as Samarkandi, Iraqi and Kufi. However, there is a narration which tells he was from ''Tamimi tribe''. The great Shiite and Sunni scholars, such as: ''Ibn al-Nadim'', ''Shaykh Tusi'', ''Najashi'', '' Ibn Shahr Ashub'', ''Allamah Al-Hilli'', ''Ibn Davoud Hilli'', ''Abdollah Mamaghani'', ''Muhammad Ardabili'', ''Abbas Qomi' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moon
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It Orbit of the Moon, orbits around Earth at Lunar distance, an average distance of (; about 30 times Earth diameter, Earth's diameter). The Moon rotation, rotates, with a rotation period (lunar day) that is synchronized to its orbital period (Lunar month#Synodic month, lunar month) of 29.5 Earth days. This is the product of Earth's gravitation having tidal forces, tidally pulled on the Moon until one part of it stopped rotating away from the near side of the Moon, near side, making always the same lunar surface face Earth. Conversley, the gravitational pull of the Moon, on Earth, is the main driver of Earth's tides. In geophysical definition of planet, geophysical terms, the Moon is a planetary-mass object or satellite planet. Its mass is 1.2% that of the Earth, and its diameter is , roughly one-quarter of Earth's (about as wide as the contiguous United States). Within the Solar System, it is the List of Solar System objects by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solar Calendar
A solar calendar is a calendar whose dates indicates the season or almost equivalently the apparent position of the Sun relative to the stars. The Gregorian calendar, widely accepted as a standard in the world, is an example of a solar calendar. The main other types of calendar are lunar calendar and lunisolar calendar, whose months correspond to cycles of Moon phases. The months of the Gregorian calendar do not correspond to cycles of the Moon phase. The Egyptians appear to have been the first to develop a solar calendar, using as a fixed point the annual sunrise reappearance of the Dog Star— Sirius, or Sothis—in the eastern sky, which coincided with the annual flooding of the Nile River. They constructed a calendar of 365 days, consisting of 12 months of 30 days each, with 5 days added at the year’s end. The Egyptians’ failure to account for the extra fraction of a day, however, caused their calendar to drift gradually into error. Examples The oldest solar calendar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Ibn Ya'qub Al-Kulayni
Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb ibn Isḥāq al-Kulaynī ar-Rāzī (; ; c. 250 AH/864 CE – 329 AH/941 CE) was a Persian Shia hadith collector. Life Al-Kulayni was born in Kulayn, a village or small town situated near Rey, Iran. His father was Ya'qub al-Kulayni, who is buried at Rey. He lived in the era of the Minor Occultation of Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdi, the last of the Twelve Imams who, according to Shia belief, is currently in occultation and will appear before the Day of Judgment). He is claimed to have greatly benefited from al-Mahdi's divine knowledge by interacting with him through the Imam's Deputies.Syed Waheed Akhtar: Early Imammiyah Shiite Thinkers Kulayni received his early religious education in his native town and went to Rey for further education. According to Shia view he is among a special class of muhaddithin known as ''Rihalah-ye hadith'' (which means those who travelled in order to collect a hadith and met the persons considered to be the authority on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ali Ibn Babawayh Qummi
Ali ibn Babawayh al-Qummi (; ; died 939) was an Iranian Twelver Shi'a scholar from the time of the ''Ghaybat al-Sughra''. He's the father of Shaykh Saduq. He wrote a letter to Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi Muhammad al-Mahdi () is believed by the Twelver Shia to be the last of the Twelve Imams and the eschatological Mahdi, who will emerge in the end of time to establish peace and justice and redeem Islam. Hasan al-Askari, the eleventh Imam ..., asking for prayer for him to have a child, as doctors had told him he could not have one. Thus his son, Shaykh Saduq, was always called: "Oh you that was born by the prayer of Imam Mahdi!". References 939 deaths Iranian Shia scholars of Islam Year of birth unknown 10th-century Iranian writers People from Qom {{islamic-scholar-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
