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List Of Chemical Compounds In Coffee
There are more than 1,000 chemical compounds in coffee, and their molecular and physiological effects are areas of active research in food chemistry. Overview There are a large number of ways to organize coffee compounds. The major texts in the area variously sort by effects on flavor, physiology, pre- and post-roasting effects, growing and processing effects, botanical variety differences, country of origin differences, and many others. Interactions between chemical compounds also is a frequent area of taxonomy, as are the major organic chemistry categories (protein, carbohydrate, lipid, etc.) that are relevant to the field. In the field of aroma and flavor alone, Flament gives a list of 300 contributing chemicals in green beans, and over 850 after roasting. He lists 16 major categories to cover those compounds related to aroma and flavor. The chemical complexity of coffee is emerging, especially due to observed physiological effects which cannot be related only to the presence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemical Compounds
A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds. A molecule consisting of atoms of only one element is therefore not a compound. A compound can be transformed into a different substance by a chemical reaction, which may involve interactions with other substances. In this process, bonds between atoms may be broken or new bonds formed or both. There are four major types of compounds, distinguished by how the constituent atoms are bonded together. Molecular compounds are held together by covalent bonds; ionic compounds are held together by ionic bonds; intermetallic compounds are held together by metallic bonds; coordination complexes are held together by coordinate covalent bonds. Non-stoichiometric compounds form a disputed marginal case. A chemical formula specifies the number of atoms of each element in a compound molecule, us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Furan
Furan is a Heterocyclic compound, heterocyclic organic compound, consisting of a five-membered aromatic Ring (chemistry), ring with four carbon Atom, atoms and one oxygen atom. Chemical compounds containing such rings are also referred to as furans. Furan is a colorless, flammable, highly Volatility (chemistry), volatile liquid with a boiling point close to room temperature. It is soluble in common organic Solvent, solvents, including ethanol, alcohol, diethyl ether, ether, and acetone, and is slightly soluble in water. Its odor is "strong, ethereal; chloroform-like". It is toxic and may be carcinogenic in humans. Furan is used as a starting point for other speciality chemicals. History The name "furan" comes from the Latin ''furfur'', which means bran (furfural is produced from bran). The first furan derivative to be described was 2-furoic acid, by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1780. Another important derivative, furfural, was reported by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner in 1831 an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harmane
Harmane (harman) is a heterocyclic amine and β-carboline found in a variety of foods including coffee, sauces, and cooked meat. It is also present in tobacco smoke. Harmane is related to other alkaloids, harmine and harmaline, found in 1837 in the plant ''Peganum harmala''. The name derives from the Arabic word for the plant, (). In humans, harmane is a potent tremor-producing neurotoxin. Harmane has been found to inhibit the early stages of the growth of the malaria parasite in the gut of mosquitoes infected by the bacterium '' Delftia tsuruhatensis'', and can be absorbed by the mosquitoes upon contact. Pharmacology Harmane fails to substitute for the psychedelic drug DOM in rodent drug discrimination tests. This is similar to the case of harmine but is in contrast to harmaline and 6-methoxyharmalan. Chemistry Harmane is a methylated derivative of β-carboline with the molecular formula C12H10N2. Natural occurrence In 1962, Poindexter ''et al.'' found that there ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetoin
Acetoin, also known as 3-hydroxybutanone or acetyl methyl carbinol, is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)C(O)CH3. It is a colorless liquid with a pleasant, buttery odor. It is chiral. The form produced by bacteria is (''R'')-acetoin.Albert Gossauer: ''Struktur und Reaktivität der Biomoleküle'', Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta, Zürich, 2006, Seite 285, . Production in bacteria Acetoin is a neutral, four-carbon molecule used as an external energy store by a number of fermentative bacteria. It is produced by the decarboxylation of alpha- acetolactate, a common precursor in the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids. Owing to its neutral nature, production and excretion of acetoin during exponential growth prevents over-acidification of the cytoplasm and the surrounding medium that would result from accumulation of acidic metabolic products, such as acetic acid and citric acid. Once superior carbon sources are exhausted, and the culture enters stationary phase, ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trigonelline
Trigonelline is an alkaloid with chemical formula . It is a zwitterion formed by the methylation of the nitrogen atom of niacin (vitamin B3). Trigonelline is a product of niacin metabolism that is excreted in the urine of mammals. Trigonelline occurs in many plants. It has been isolated from the Japanese radish (''Raphanus sativus'' cv. Sakurajima Daikon), fenugreek seeds (''Trigonella foenum-graecum'', hence the name), garden peas, hemp seed, oats, potatoes, ''Stachys'' species, dahlia, ''Strophanthus'' species, and '' Dichapetalum cymosum''. Trigonelline is also found in coffee. Higher levels of trigonelline are found in arabica coffee. Holtz, Kutscher, and Theilmann have recorded its presence in a number of animals. Chemistry Trigonelline crystallizes as a monohydrate from alcohol in hygroscopic prisms (m.p. 130 °C or 218 °C 'dry, dec.''. It is readily soluble in water or warm alcohol, less so in cold alcohol, and slightly so in chloroform or ether. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theophylline
Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterase and blocks adenosine receptors. It is used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Its pharmacology is similar to other methylxanthine drugs (e.g., theobromine and caffeine). Trace amounts of theophylline are naturally present in tea, coffee, chocolate, yerba maté, guarana, and kola nut. The name 'theophylline' derives from "Thea"—the former genus name for tea + Legacy Greek φύλλον (phúllon, "leaf") + -ine. Medical uses The main actions of theophylline involve: * relaxing bronchial smooth muscle * increasing heart muscle contractility and efficiency (positive inotrope) * increasing heart rate (positive chronotropic) * increasing blood pressure * increasing renal blood flow * anti-inflammatory effects * central nervous system stimulatory effect, mainly on the medullary respiratory center The main therapeutic uses of theophylline are for treat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Putrescine
Putrescine is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)4(NH2)2. It is a colorless solid that melts near room temperature. It is classified as a diamine. Together with cadaverine, it is largely responsible for the foul odor of Putrefaction, putrefying flesh, but also contributes to other unpleasant odors. Production Putrescine is produced on an industrial scale by the hydrogenation of succinonitrile. Biotechnological production of putrescine from a renewable feedstock has been investigated. A metabolically engineered strain of ''Escherichia coli'' that produces putrescine at high concentrations in glucose mineral salts medium has been described. Biochemistry Spermidine synthase uses putrescine and S-Adenosylmethioninamine, ''S''-adenosylmethioninamine (decarboxylated S-Adenosyl methionine, ''S''-adenosyl methionine) to produce spermidine. Spermidine in turn is combined with another ''S''-adenosylmethioninamine and gets converted to spermine. Putrescine is synthesized in small q ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caffeine
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine chemical classification, class and is the most commonly consumed Psychoactive drug, psychoactive substance globally. It is mainly used for its eugeroic (wakefulness promoting), ergogenic (physical performance-enhancing), or nootropic (cognitive-enhancing) properties. Caffeine acts by blocking the binding of adenosine at a number of adenosine receptor types, inhibiting the centrally depressant effects of adenosine and enhancing the release of acetylcholine. Caffeine has a three-dimensional structure similar to that of adenosine, which allows it to bind and block its receptors. Caffeine also increases Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic AMP levels through nonselective Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, inhibition of phosphodiesterase, increases calcium release from intracellular stores, and Receptor antagonist, antagonizes GABA receptor, GABA receptors, although these mechanisms typically occur at concentrati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quinic Acid
Quinic acid is an organic compound with the formula . The compound is classified as a cyclitol, a cyclic polyol, and a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid. It is a colorless solid that can be extracted from plant sources. Quinic acid is implicated in the perceived acidity of coffee, where it occurs around 13% by weight. Occurrence and preparation The compound is obtained from cinchona bark, coffee beans, and the bark of ''Eucalyptus globulus''. It is a constituent of the tara tannins. ''Urtica dioica'', the European stinging nettle, is another common source. It is made synthetically by hydrolysis of chlorogenic acid. Quinic acid is also implicated in the perceived acidity of coffee. History and biosynthesis This substance was isolated for the first time in 1790 by German pharmacist Friedrich Christian Hofmann in Leer from Cinchona. Its transformation into hippuric acid by animal metabolism was studied by German chemist Eduard Lautemann in 1863.Lautemann, E. (1863"Ueber die Reduc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kidney Stone
Kidney stone disease (known as nephrolithiasis, renal calculus disease, or urolithiasis) is a crystallopathy and occurs when there are too many minerals in the urine and not enough liquid or hydration. This imbalance causes tiny pieces of crystal to aggregate and form hard masses, or calculi (stones) in the upper urinary tract. Because renal calculi typically form in the kidney, if small enough, they are able to leave the urinary tract via the urine stream. A small calculus may pass without causing symptoms. However, if a stone grows to more than , it can cause blockage of the ureter, resulting in extremely sharp and severe pain ( renal colic) in the lower back that often radiates downward to the groin. A calculus may also result in blood in the urine, vomiting (due to severe pain), or painful urination. About half of all people who have had a kidney stone are likely to develop another within ten years. ''Renal'' is Latin for "kidney", while "nephro" is the Greek equiva ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
