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List Of Proton Synchrotron Experiments
This is a list of past and current experiments at the CERN Proton Synchrotron (PS) facility since its commissioning in 1959. The PS was CERN's first synchrotron and the world's highest energy particle accelerator at the time. It served as the flagship of CERN until the 1980s when its main role became to provide injection beams to other machines such as the Super Proton Synchrotron. The information is gathered from the INSPIRE-HEP database. See also Experiments * List of Super Proton Synchrotron experiments * List of Large Hadron Collider experiments ; Facilities * CERN: European Organization for Nuclear Research ** PS: Proton Synchrotron ** SPS: Super Proton Synchrotron ** ISOLDE: On-Line Isotope Mass Separator ** ISR: Intersecting Storage Rings ** LEP: Large Electron–Positron Collider ** LHC The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider. It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) bet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CERN
The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN (; ; ), is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in a northwestern suburb of Geneva, on the France–Switzerland border. It comprises 23 member states, and Israel (admitted in 2013) is currently the only non-European country holding full membership. CERN is an official United Nations General Assembly observer. The acronym CERN is also used to refer to the laboratory; in 2019, it had 2,660 scientific, technical, and administrative staff members, and hosted about 12,400 users from institutions in more than 70 countries. In 2016, CERN generated 49 petabytes of data. CERN's main function is to provide the particle accelerators and other infrastructure needed for high-energy physics research — consequently, numerous experiments have been constructed at CERN through international collaborations. CERN is the site o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Super Proton Synchrotron Experiments
This is a list of past and current experiments at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) facility since its commissioning in 1976. The SPS was used as the main particle collider for many experiments, and has been adapted to various purpose ever since its inception. Four locations were used for experiments, the ''North Area'' (NA experiments), ''West Area'' (WA experiments), ''Underground Area'' (UA experiments), and the ''Endcap MUon'' detectors (EMU experiments). The UA1 and UA2 experiments famously detected the W and Z bosons in the early 1980s. Following this, Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer won the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physics. The list is first compiled from the INSPIRE-HEP database, then missing information is retrieved from the online version CERN's ''Grey Book''. The most specific information of the two is kept, ''e.g.'' if the INSPIRE database lists ''November 1974'', while the ''Grey Book'' lists ''22 November 1974'', the ''Grey Book'' entry is sh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CERN Experiments
The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN (; ; ), is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in a northwestern suburb of Geneva, on the France–Switzerland border. It comprises 23 member states, and Israel (admitted in 2013) is currently the only non-European country holding full membership. CERN is an official United Nations General Assembly observer. The acronym CERN is also used to refer to the laboratory; in 2019, it had 2,660 scientific, technical, and administrative staff members, and hosted about 12,400 users from institutions in more than 70 countries. In 2016, CERN generated 49 petabytes of data. CERN's main function is to provide the particle accelerators and other infrastructure needed for high-energy physics research — consequently, numerous experiments have been constructed at CERN through international collaborations. CERN is the site o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Large Hadron Collider
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider. It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and hundreds of universities and laboratories, as well as more than 100 countries. It lies in a tunnel in circumference and as deep as beneath the France–Switzerland border near Geneva. The first collisions were achieved in 2010 at an energy of 3.5 teraelectronvolts (TeV) per beam, about four times the previous world record. After upgrades it reached 6.5 TeV per beam (13 TeV total collision energy). At the end of 2018, it was shut down for three years for further upgrades. The collider has four crossing points where the accelerated particles collide. Seven detectors, each designed to detect different phenomena, are positioned around the crossing points. The LHC primarily collides proton beams, but it can also accelerate beams of heavy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Large Electron–Positron Collider
The Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) was one of the largest particle accelerators ever constructed. It was built at CERN, a multi-national centre for research in nuclear and particle physics near Geneva, Switzerland. LEP collided electrons with positrons at energies that reached 209 GeV. It was a circular collider with a circumference of 27 kilometres built in a tunnel roughly 100 m (300 ft) underground and passing through Switzerland and France. LEP was used from 1989 until 2000. Around 2001 it was dismantled to make way for the Large Hadron Collider, which re-used the LEP tunnel. To date, LEP is the most powerful accelerator of leptons ever built. Collider background LEP was a circular lepton collider – the most powerful such ever built. For context, modern colliders can be generally categorized based on their shape (circular or linear) and on what types of particles they accelerate and collide (leptons or hadrons). Leptons are point particles and are r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intersecting Storage Rings
The ISR (standing for "Intersecting Storage Rings") was a particle accelerator at CERN. It was the world's first hadron collider, and ran from 1971 to 1984, with a maximum center of mass energy of 62 GeV. From its initial startup, the collider itself had the capability to produce particles like the J/ψ and the upsilon, as well as observable jet structure; however, the particle detector experiments were not configured to observe events with large momentum transverse to the beamline, leaving these discoveries to be made at other experiments in the mid-1970s. Nevertheless, the construction of the ISR involved many advances in accelerator physics, including the first use of stochastic cooling, and it held the record for luminosity at a hadron collider until surpassed by the Tevatron in 2004. History The ISR was proposed in 1964 for conducting the head-on proton-proton collisions at a beam energy of 28 GeV; to the study of the new particles created in such collisions.&nb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
On-Line Isotope Mass Separator
The ISOLDE Radioactive Ion Beam Facility, is an on-line isotope separator facility located at the heart of the CERN accelerator complex on the Franco-Swiss border. The name of the facility is an acronym for Isotope Separator On Line DEvice. Created in 1964, the ISOLDE facility started delivering radioactive ion beams to users in 1967. Originally located at the SynchroCyclotron accelerator (CERN's first ever particle accelerator), the facility has been upgraded several times most notably in 1992 when the whole facility was moved to be connected to CERN's ProtonSynchroton Booster (PSB). Entering its 6th decade of existence, ISOLDE is currently the oldest facility still in operation at CERN. From the first pioneering isotope separation on-line (ISOL) beams to the latest technical advances allowing for the production of the most exotic species, ISOLDE benefits a wide range of physics communities with applications covering nuclear, atomic, molecular and solid-state physics, but also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Large Hadron Collider Experiments
This is a list of experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC is the most energetic particle collider in the world, and is used to test the accuracy of the Standard Model, and to look for physics beyond the Standard Model such as supersymmetry, extra dimensions, and others. The list is first compiled from the SPIRES database, then missing information is retrieved from the online version CERN's '' Grey Book''. The most specific information of the two is kept, e.g. if the SPIRES database lists December 2008, while the ''Grey Book'' lists 22 December 2008, the ''Grey Book'' entry is shown. When there is a conflict between the SPIRES database and the ''Grey Book'', the SPIRES database information is listed, unless otherwise noted. Large Hadron Collider experiments MilliQan, MATHUSLA, FASER, LHCf, MOEDAL and TOTEM are much smaller than the other four experiments. Each is close to one of the larger experiments and uses the same collision point. Notes :1. Only a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CLOUD Experiment
Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) is an experiment being run at CERN by a group of researchers led by Jasper Kirkby to investigate the microphysics between galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and aerosols under controlled conditions. This is a fixed-target experiment that began operation in November 2009,CLOUD experiment provides unprecedented insight into cloud formation CERN though it was originally proposed in 2000. The primary goal is to understand the influence of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) on aerosols and clouds, and their implications for climate. Although its design is optimised to address the possibility of cosmic rays nucleating cloud particles, (as posed by, for example, |
Proton Synchrotron
The Proton Synchrotron (PS, sometimes also referred to as CPS) is a particle accelerator at CERN. It is CERN's first synchrotron, beginning its operation in 1959. For a brief period the PS was the world's highest energy particle accelerator. It has since served as a pre-accelerator for the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) and the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), and is currently part of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) accelerator complex. In addition to protons, PS has accelerated alpha particles, oxygen and sulfur nuclei, electrons, positrons, and antiprotons. Today, the PS is part of CERN's accelerator complex. It accelerates protons for the LHC as well as a number of other experimental facilities at CERN. Using a negative hydrogen ion source, the ions are first accelerated to the energy of 160 MeV in the linear accelerator Linac 4. The hydrogen ion is then stripped of both electrons, leaving only the nucleus containing one proton, which is injected into the Proton Synchrotron B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carlo Rubbia
Carlo Rubbia (born 31 March 1934) is an Italian particle physicist and inventor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Simon van der Meer for work leading to the discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN. Early life and education Rubbia was born in 1934 in Gorizia, an Italian town on the border with Slovenia. His family moved to Venice then Udine because of wartime disruption. His father was an electrical engineer and encouraged him to study the same, though he stated his wish to study physics. In the local countryside, he collected and experimented with abandoned military communications equipment. After taking an entrance exam for the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa to study physics, he failed to get into the required top ten (coming eleventh), so began an engineering course in Milan in 1953. Soon after, a Pisa student dropped out, presenting Rubbia with his opportunity. He gained a degree and doctorate in a relatively short time with a thesis on cosmic ray ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Walter Oelert
Walter Oelert (born 14 July 1942) is a professor at the Juelich Research Center in Germany. Research In 1995 under the leadership of Professor Walter Oelert, the international group of physicists in the CERN laboratory managed to show that they had obtained experimentally nine atoms of antihydrogen in a particle accelerator. Later research allowed the CERN scientists to collect anti-protons among low-energy positrons until they combine into anti-atoms and store them at very low temperatures. References External links Walter Oelert's Personal page (Cern Courier) Scientific publications of Walter Oelert on INSPIRE-HEP 20th-century German physicists People associate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
