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Linker For Activation Of T Cells
The Linker for activation of T cells, also known as linker of activated T cells or LAT, is a protein involved in the T-cell receptor, T-cell antigen receptor signal transduction pathway which in humans is encoded by the ''LAT'' gene. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Function The LAT protein encoded by the gene of the same name, plays a key role in the diversification of T cell signaling pathways following activation of the T-cell antigen receptor (T-cell receptor, TCR) signal transduction pathway, which is first catalyzed by TCR binding to MHC class II. LAT is a transmembrane protein localizes to lipid rafts (also known as glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains or GEMs) and acts as a docking site for SH2 domain-containing proteins. Upon phosphorylation, this protein recruits multiple Signal transducing adaptor protein, adaptor proteins and downstream signaling molecules into multimolecular signaling complexes located nea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, Cell signaling, responding to stimuli, providing Cytoskeleton, structure to cells and Fibrous protein, organisms, and Intracellular transport, transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the Nucleic acid sequence, nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific Protein structure, 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called pep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GRB2
Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2, also known as Grb2, is an adaptor protein involved in signal transduction/ cell communication. In humans, the GRB2 protein is encoded by the ''GRB2'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene binds receptors such as the epidermal growth factor receptor and contains one SH2 domain and two SH3 domains. Its two SH3 domains direct complex formation with proline-rich regions of other proteins, and its SH2 domain binds tyrosine phosphorylated sequences. This gene is similar to the ''sem-5'' gene of ''Caenorhabditis elegans'', which is involved in the signal transduction pathway. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Function and expression Grb2 is widely expressed and is essential for multiple cellular functions. Inhibition of Grb2 function impairs developmental processes in various organisms and blocks transformation and proliferation of various cell types. It is thus n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
VAV1
Proto-oncogene vav is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''VAV1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this proto-oncogene is a member of the Dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) for the Rho family of GTP binding proteins. The protein is important in hematopoiesis, playing a role in T-cell and B-cell development and activation. This particular GEF has been identified as the specific binding partner of Nef proteins from HIV-1. Coexpression and binding of these partners initiates profound morphological changes, cytoskeletal rearrangements and the JNK/SAPK signaling cascade, leading to increased levels of viral transcription and replication. Interactions VAV1 has been shown to interact with: * ARHGDIB, * Abl gene, * Cbl gene * EZH2, * Grb2 Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2, also known as Grb2, is an adaptor protein involved in signal transduction/ cell communication. In humans, the GRB2 protein is encoded by the ''GRB2'' gene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SHB (gene)
SH2 domain-containing adapter protein B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SHB'' gene. Interactions SHB (gene) has been shown to interact with: * EPS8, * Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, * Linker of activated T cells, * Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2, * PIK3R1, * Src, * VAV1 Proto-oncogene vav is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''VAV1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this proto-oncogene is a member of the Dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) for the Rho family of GTP binding ..., and * ZAP-70. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-9-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PIK3R1
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PIK3R1'' gene. Function Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase phosphorylates the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol at the 3-prime position. The enzyme comprises a 110 kD catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit of either 85, 55, or 50 kD. The ''Pik3r1'' gene locus encodes the 85 kD regulatory subunit, as well as 55 and 50 kD regulatory subunits. It used to be thought that alternative splicing of this gene resulted in three transcript variants encoding different isoforms. In fact, it has since been shown that the 55 and 50kD subunits have their own promotors within the gene locus ''Pik3r1''. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase plays an important role in the metabolic actions of insulin, and a mutation in this gene has been associated with insulin resistance. Suppression specifically of the 85kD subunit in early murine embryoid body development results in a transient cell-cell adhe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MAP4K1
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 1 is a protein kinase that in humans is encoded by the ''MAP4K1'' gene. It is also known as HPK1 (Hematopoietic Progenitor Kinase 1). The protein has been shown to play a role in JNK activation. Interactions MAP4K1 has been shown to interact with: * B-cell linker, * CRK, * CRKL, * Drebrin-like, * GRAP2, * Grb2 Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2, also known as Grb2, is an adaptor protein involved in signal transduction/ cell communication. In humans, the GRB2 protein is encoded by the ''GRB2'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene binds recepto ..., * Linker of activated T cells, and * NCK1. Optimization of inhibitors of MAP4K1 for upregulating the T cell receptor signaling pathway has produced at least one compound that exhibits antitumor activity in an EMT6 syngeneic mouse model, and is an area of ongoing research. References {{gene-19-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ITK (gene)
Tyrosine-protein kinase ITK/TSK also known as interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase or simply ITK, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ITK'' gene. ITK is a member of the TEC family of kinases and is highly expressed in T cells. Function This gene encodes an intracellular tyrosine kinase expressed in T-cells. The protein is thought to play a role in T-cell proliferation and differentiation. ITK is functionally important for the development and effector function of Th2 and Th17 cells. Mice lacking ITK were shown to not be susceptible to asthma. Structure This protein contains the following domains, which are often found in intracellular kinases: * N-terminus – PH (pleckstrin homology domain) * TH – Tec family homology domain (including Bruton's tyrosine kinase Cys-rich motif and Proline rich region) * SH3 – (Src homology 3) * SH2 – (Src homology 2) * C-terminus – tyrosine kinase, catalytic domain Interactions ITK (gene) has been shown to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grb2
Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2, also known as Grb2, is an adaptor protein involved in signal transduction/ cell communication. In humans, the GRB2 protein is encoded by the ''GRB2'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene binds receptors such as the epidermal growth factor receptor and contains one SH2 domain and two SH3 domains. Its two SH3 domains direct complex formation with proline-rich regions of other proteins, and its SH2 domain binds tyrosine phosphorylated sequences. This gene is similar to the ''sem-5'' gene of ''Caenorhabditis elegans'', which is involved in the signal transduction pathway. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Function and expression Grb2 is widely expressed and is essential for multiple cellular functions. Inhibition of Grb2 function impairs developmental processes in various organisms and blocks transformation and proliferation of various cell types. It is thus n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GRAP
GRB2-related adapter protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRAP'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the GRB2/Sem5 ('' C. elegans'' homolog)/Drk (''Drosophila'' homolog) family. This member functions as a cytoplasmic signaling protein which contains an SH2 domain flanked by two SH3 domains. The SH2 domain interacts with ligand-activated receptors for stem cell factor and erythropoietin, and facilitates the formation of a stable complex with the BCR- ABL oncoprotein. This protein also associates with the Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor SOS1 Son of sevenless homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SOS1'' gene. Function SOS1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) which interacts with Ras protein, Ras proteins to phosphorylate GDP into GTP, or from an inacti ... (son of sevenless homolog 1) through its N-terminal SH3 domain. Interactions GRAP has been shown to interact with Linker of activated T cells. References ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tyrosine
-Tyrosine or tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. It is a conditionally essential amino acid with a polar side group. The word "tyrosine" is from the Greek ''tyrós'', meaning ''cheese'', as it was first discovered in 1846 by German chemist Justus von Liebig in the protein casein from cheese. It is called tyrosyl when referred to as a functional group or side chain. While tyrosine is generally classified as a hydrophobic amino acid, it is more hydrophilic than phenylalanine. It is encoded by the codons UAC and UAU in messenger RNA. The one-letter symbol Y was assigned to tyrosine for being alphabetically nearest of those letters available. Note that T was assigned to the structurally simpler threonine, U was avoided for its similarity with V for valine, W was assigned to tryptophan, while X was reserved for undetermined or atypical amino acids. The mnemonic t''Y''rosine was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phosphoprotein
A phosphoprotein is a protein that is posttranslationally modified by the attachment of either a single phosphate group, or a complex molecule such as 5'-phospho-DNA, through a phosphate group. The target amino acid is most often serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues (mostly in eukaryotes), or aspartic acid or histidine residues (mostly in prokaryotes). Biological function The phosphorylation of proteins is a major regulatory mechanism in cells. Clinical significance Phosphoproteins have been proposed as biomarkers for breast cancer Breast cancer is a cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a Breast lump, lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, Milk-rejection sign, milk rejection, fluid coming from the nipp .... See also * Protein phosphorylation * Phosphoserine References Phosphoproteins {{protein-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
