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LHS (hydraulic Fluid)
Hydropneumatic suspension is a type of motor vehicle suspension system, invented by Paul Magès, produced by Citroën, and fitted to Citroën cars, as well as being used under licence by other car manufacturers. Similar systems are also widely used on modern tanks and other large military vehicles. The suspension was referred to as ' in early literature, pointing to oil and air as its main components. The purpose of this system is to provide a sensitive, dynamic and high-capacity suspension that offers superior ride quality on a variety of surfaces. A hydropneumatic system combines the advantages of hydraulic systems and pneumatic systems so that gas absorbs excessive force and liquid in hydraulics directly transfers force. The suspension system usually features both self-leveling and driver-variable ride height, to provide extra clearance in rough terrain. This type of suspension for automobiles was inspired by the pneumatic suspension used for aircraft landing gear, which wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citroën
Citroën ()The double-dot diacritic over the 'e' is a diaeresis () indicating the two vowels are sounded separately, and not as a diphthong. is a French automobile brand. The "Automobiles Citroën" manufacturing company was founded on 4 June 1919 by André Citroën. Citroën has been owned by Stellantis since 2021 and previously was part of the PSA Group after Peugeot acquired 89.95% share in 1976. Citroën's head office is located in the Stellantis Poissy Plant in Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine since 2021 (previously in Rueil-Malmaison) and its offices studies and research in Vélizy-Villacoublay, Poissy (CEMR), Carrières-sous-Poissy and Sochaux-Montbéliard. In 1934, the firm established its reputation for innovative technology with the Citroën Traction Avant, Traction Avant. This was the world's first car to be mass-produced with front-wheel drive and four-wheel independent suspension, as well as unibody construction, omitting a separate chassis, and instead using the body of the car ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rolls-Royce Limited
Rolls-Royce Limited was a British luxury car and later an aero-engine manufacturing business established in 1904 in Manchester by the partnership of Charles Rolls and Henry Royce. Building on Royce's good reputation established with his Crane (machine), cranes, they quickly developed a reputation for superior engineering by manufacturing luxury cars. The business was incorporated as "Rolls-Royce Limited" in 1906, and a new factory in Derby was opened in 1908. The First World War brought the company into manufacturing aero-engines. Joint development of jet engines began in 1940, and they entered production in 1944. Rolls-Royce has since built an enduring reputation for the development and manufacturing of engines for military and commercial aircraft. In the late 1960s, Rolls-Royce was adversely affected by the mismanaged development of its advanced Rolls-Royce RB211, RB211 jet engine and consequent cost over-runs, though it ultimately proved a great success. In 1971, the owners w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Principles
A principle may relate to a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of beliefs or behavior or a chain of reasoning. They provide a guide for behavior or evaluation. A principle can make values explicit, so they are expressed in the form of rules and standards. Principles unpack the values underlying them more concretely so that the values can be more easily operationalized in policy statements and actions. In law, higher order, overarching principles establish Legal rule, rules to be followed, modified by sentencing guidelines relating to context and proportionality. In science and nature, a principle may define the essential characteristics of the system, or reflect the system's designed purpose. The effective operation would be impossible if any one of the principles was to be ignored. A system may be explicitly based on and implemented from a document of principles as was done in IBM's IBM System/360 architecture, 360/370 ''Principles of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Technological
Technology is the application of conceptual knowledge to achieve practical goals, especially in a reproducible way. The word ''technology'' can also mean the products resulting from such efforts, including both tangible tools such as utensils or machines, and intangible ones such as software. Technology plays a critical role in science, engineering, and everyday life. Technological advancements have led to significant changes in society. The earliest known technology is the stone tool, used during prehistory, followed by the control of fire—which in turn contributed to the growth of the human brain and the development of language during the Ice Age, according to the cooking hypothesis. The invention of the wheel in the Bronze Age allowed greater travel and the creation of more complex machines. More recent technological inventions, including the printing press, telephone, and the Internet, have lowered barriers to communication and ushered in the knowledge economy. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
The Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) is a Private university, private research university in Worcester, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1865, WPI was one of the United States' first engineering and technology universities and now has 14 academic departments with over 50 bachelor's, master's, and Ph.D. degree programs. It is Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". History Worcester Polytechnic Institute was founded by self-made tinware manufacturer, John Boynton (Worcester Polytechnic Institute), John Boynton, and Ichabod Washburn, owner of the world's largest wire mill. Boynton envisioned science schooling that would elevate the social position of the mechanic and manufacturer, but not necessarily teach the skills needed to become either. Washburn, on the other hand, wanted to teach technical skills through a sophisticated apprenticeship approach. Boynton consulted ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haynes Publishing
Haynes Owner's Workshop Manuals (commonly known as Haynes Manuals) is a series of manuals from the British and American publisher Haynes Group Limited. The series focuses primarily on the maintenance and repair of vehicles. The manuals are aimed at beginner and advanced DIY consumers rather than professional mechanics. Later, the series was expanded to include a range of parody practical lifestyle manuals in the same style for a range of topics, including domestic appliances, personal computers, digital cameras, model railways, sport, and animal care. Haynes also published the humorous Bluffer's Guides. Additionally, Haynes has released parody manuals based on popular fictional series, including ''Star Trek'' and '' Thomas and Friends''. Haynes manuals owns and licenses a number of DIY brands including Clymer, Chilton, Gregorys, and Rellim. History The Haynes manuals are named after John Harold Haynes (1938–2019) OBE. In 1956, while Haynes was at school, he publish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toyota Active Control Suspension
Toyota Active Control Suspension was (according to Toyota) the world's first fully active suspension. Two versions of Toyota's Active Control Suspension system went into production - the first was a very limited production run from 1990 to 1991 of 300 units of the ST183 Celica, called the Active Sports. This was the first production car in the world to utilise an active suspension system. The suspension employed conventional coil-spring struts and 4-wheel steering. No anti-roll (stabiliser) bars were fitted as the strut damping was actively controlled by a combined power steering/suspension fluid pump and valve body that counteracted roll and pitch forces. This system of controlling damping force while utilising conventional springs was largely achieved with the much simpler Toyota Electronic Modulated Suspension system (TEMS). The second version of the Active Suspension system came with the UZZ32 Soarer produced between 1991 and 1996. It was a complex, computer-controlled syste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toyota Soarer
The is a Personal luxury car, personal luxury Grand tourer, GT coupé produced from 1981 to 2005 by Toyota and sold in Japan. It was available at both Japanese Toyota dealerships called ''Toyota Store'' and ''Toyopet Store'', and it debuted with the Z10 series, replacing the ''Toyopet Store'' exclusive Toyota Mark II (X30), Mark II coupé, the ''Toyota Auto Store'' exclusive Toyota Chaser (X30), Chaser coupé, and both the ''Toyota Store'' exclusive Toyota Crown (S110), Crown coupé and Toyota Carina (A40), Carina coupé. In 1986, the Z20 series Soarer was launched, based on the then-new Toyota Supra (A70), A70 series Supra platform, which was exclusive to ''Toyota Corolla Store'' locations. In 1991, the Z30 series Soarer premiered in Japan, while its Lexus equivalent, the Lexus SC (Z30), SC 300/400, debuted in the US market. While externally identical to the SC, the Z30 series Soarer lineup offered different powertrain specifications and multiple unique vehicle configurations. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Active Body Control
Active Body Control, or ABC, is the Mercedes-Benz brand name used to describe electronically controlled hydropneumatic suspension. This suspension improves ride quality and allows for control of the vehicle body motions, allowing for reduced body roll in many driving situations including cornering, accelerating, and braking. Mercedes-Benz has been experimenting with these capabilities for automobile suspension since the air suspension of the 1963 ''600'' and the hydropneumatic (fluid and air) suspension of the 1974 ''6.9''. ABC was only offered on rear-wheel drive models, as all-wheel drive 4MATIC models were available only with ''Airmatic'' semi-active air suspension, with the 2019 Mercedes-Benz GLE 450 4MATIC being the first AWD to have ABC available. The production version was introduced at the 1999 Geneva Motor Show on the new Mercedes-Benz CL-Class C215. Description In the ABC system, a computer detects body movement from sensors located throughout the vehicle, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mercedes-Benz
Mercedes-Benz (), commonly referred to simply as Mercedes and occasionally as Benz, is a German automotive brand that was founded in 1926. Mercedes-Benz AG (a subsidiary of the Mercedes-Benz Group, established in 2019) is based in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Mercedes-Benz AG manufactures luxury vehicles and light commercial vehicles, all branded under the Mercedes-Benz name. From November 2019 onwards, the production of Mercedes-Benz-branded heavy commercial vehicles (trucks and buses) has been managed by Daimler Truck, which separated from the Mercedes-Benz Group to form an independent entity at the end of 2021. In 2018, Mercedes-Benz became the world’s largest premium vehicle brand, with a sales volume of 2.31 million passenger cars. The roots of the brand trace back to the 1901 Mercedes (marque), Mercedes by Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft and the 1886 Benz Patent-Motorwagen and 1894 Benz Velo by Carl Benz, which is widely recognized as the first automobile powe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berliet
Berliet was a French manufacturer of automobiles, buses, trucks and military vehicles among other vehicles based in Vénissieux, outside of Lyon, France. Founded in 1899, and apart from a five-year period from 1944 to 1949 when it was put into 'administration sequestre' it was in private ownership until 1967 when it then became part of Citroën, and subsequently acquired by Renault in 1974 and merged with Saviem into a new Renault Trucks company in 1978. The Berliet marque was phased out by 1980. Early history started his experiments with automobiles in 1894. Some single-cylinder cars were followed in 1900 by a twin-cylinder model. In 1902, Berliet took over the plant of Audibert & Lavirotte in Lyon. Berliet started to build four-cylinder automobiles featuring a Radiator (engine cooling)#Radiator construction, honeycomb radiator, and a steel chassis frame was used instead of wood. The next year, a model was launched that was similar to contemporary Mercedes-Benz, Mercedes. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peugeot
Peugeot (, , ) is a French automobile brand owned by Stellantis. The family business that preceded the current Peugeot companies was established in 1810, making it the oldest car company in the world. On 20 November 1858, Émile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark. Armand Peugeot (1849–1915) built the company's first vehicle, a Steam car, steam-powered tricycle. In 1886, the company collaborated with Léon Serpollet, followed by the development of an internal combustion car in 1890, which used a Panhard-Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft, Daimler engine. The Peugeot family and company are originally from Sochaux, where Peugeot still operates a large manufacturing facility and the Musée de l'Aventure Peugeot, Peugeot Museum. Peugeot vehicles have received numerous international accolades, including six European Car of the Year awards. The brand also boasts over a century of success in motorsport, with victories including the Indianapolis 500 in 1913, 1916, and 1919. Peugeot Spo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
