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Krẽje Language
Krẽje or Kreye is an Jê language that is spoken in Maranhão and Pará, Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area .... This language is originated from Maranhão, yet probably extinct with a handful of speakers. (In 2012, there were 15 speakers) Set to be "moribund" by 2020, if not already extinct. References Jê languages {{Macro-Jê-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh most populous. Its capital is Brasília, and its most populous city is São Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states and the Federal District. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas; one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world; and the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other countries and territories in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers roughly half of the continent's land area. Its Amazon basin includes a vast tropical forest, ho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maranhão
Maranhão () is a state in Brazil. Located in the country's Northeast Region, it has a population of about 7 million and an area of . Clockwise from north, it borders on the Atlantic Ocean for 2,243 km and the states of Piauí, Tocantins and Pará. The people of Maranhão have a distinctive accent inside the common Northeastern Brazilian dialect. Maranhão is described in books such as '' The Land of the Palm Trees'' by Gonçalves Dias and ''Casa de Pensão'' by Aluísio Azevedo. The dunes of Lençóis are an important area of environmental preservation. Also of interest is the state capital of São Luís, designated a Unesco World Heritage Site. Another important conservation area is the Parnaíba River delta, between the states of Maranhão and Piauí, with its lagoons, desert dunes and deserted beaches or islands, such as the Caju island, which shelters rare birds. Geography The northern portion of the state is a heavily forested plain traversed by numerous rivers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pará
Pará is a state of Brazil, located in northern Brazil and traversed by the lower Amazon River. It borders the Brazilian states of Amapá, Maranhão, Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Amazonas and Roraima. To the northwest are the borders of Guyana and Suriname, to the northeast of Pará is the Atlantic Ocean. The capital and largest city is Belém, which is located at the mouth of the Amazon. The state, which is home to 4.1% of the Brazilian population, is responsible for just 2.2% of the Brazilian GDP. Pará is the most populous state of the North Region, with a population of over 8.6 million, being the ninth-most populous state in Brazil. It is the second-largest state of Brazil in area, at , second only to Amazonas upriver. Its most famous icons are the Amazon River and the Amazon Rainforest. Pará produces rubber (extracted from natural rubber tree groves), cassava, açaí, pineapple, cocoa, black pepper, coconut, banana, tropical hardwoods such as mahogany, and minerals ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macro-Jê Languages
Macro-Jê (also spelled Macro-Gê) is a medium-sized language stock in South America, mostly in Brazil but also in the Chiquitanía region in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, as well as (formerly) in small parts of Argentina and Paraguay. It is centered on the Jê language family, with most other branches currently being single languages due to recent extinctions. Families The Macro-Jê family was first proposed in 1926, and has undergone moderate modifications since then. Kaufman (1990) finds the proposal "probable". * Jê * Jeikó † * Krenák (Botocudo) ** Krenak (10 speakers) * Borôroan **Bororo ***Bororo (1,400 speakers) *** Umotína † ** Otuke † * Kamakã † *Karajá (2,700 speakers) * Karirí † * Maxakalían * Ofayé (2 speakers) * Purían † * Rikbaktsá * Yabutian oribund Eduardo Ribeiro of the University of Chicago finds no evidence to classify Fulniô (Yatê) and Guató as Macro-Jê, ''pace'' Kaufman, nor Otí, ''pace'' Greenberg. Ribeiro does include Chiquitano, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jê Languages
The Jê languages (also spelled Gê, Jean, Ye, Gean), or Jê–Kaingang languages, are spoken by the Jê, a group of indigenous peoples in Brazil. Genetic relations The Jê family forms the core of the Macro-Jê family. Kaufman (1990) finds the proposal convincing. Family division According to Ethnologue (which omits Jeikó), the language family is as follows: * Jeikó (†) * Northern Jê ** Apinayé (2,300 speakers) ** Mẽbengokre (Kayapó) (8,638 speakers) ** Panará (Kreen Akarore) (380 speakers) ** Suyá (350 speakers) ** Timbira (Canela-Krayô, with the Canela and Kreye dialects) (5,100 speakers) * Central Jê ** Acroá (†) ** Xavante (9,600 speakers) ** Xerente (1,810 speakers) ** Xakriabá (†) * Southern Jê ** Xokleng (760 speakers) ** Kaingáng *** Kaingáng (18,000 speakers) *** São Paulo Kaingáng (†) *** Ingain (†) *** Guayana (†) Ramirez (2015) Internal classification of the Jê languages according to Ramirez, et al. (2015): ;Jê *Sou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cerrado Languages
The Cerrado languages (also referred to as Amazonian Jê) are a branch of the Jê languages constituted by the Goyaz Jê languages and Akuwẽ (Central Jê). Sound changes from Proto-Jê to Proto-Cerrado The occurrence of the consonant */g/ in Proto-Cerrado (as in ''*/g/õt'' ‘to sleep’, ''*/g/õ'' ‘to give’, ''*/g/aj’'' ‘you’) is believed to be an innovation; it has been claimed to have been inserted in onsetless stressed syllables. The Proto-Cerrado diphthongs ''*wa'' and ''*ja'' are believed to continue Proto-Jê monophthongs, which have been reconstructed as ''*ô'' and ''*ê₂''. Other vowels which have been claimed to have innovated in Proto-Cerrado are: *''*ô'' (goes back to an unrounded vowel, reconstructed as Proto-Jê ''*ə̂₁''); *''*u'' (a merger of earlier ''*u₁'' and ''*u₂'', distinguished in the Southern Jê languages as ''o'' and ''u'', respectively); *''*ũ'' (a merger of earlier ''*ũ₁'' and ''*ũ₂'', distinguished as ''ũ'' and '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Goyaz Jê Languages
The Goyaz Jê languages (also Northern Jê–Panará) are a branch of the Jê languages constituted by the Northern Jê languages and Panará (and its predecessor Southern Kayapó). Together with the Akuwẽ (Central Jê) languages, they form the Cerrado branch of the Jê family. Phonology Onsets The consonantal inventory of Proto-Goyaz Jê is almost identical to that of Proto-Northern Jê, differing from it in that it had no contrast between ''*ĵ'' and ''*j'' and lacked the phoneme */w/. Proto-Goyaz Jê did have the sounds ''*ĵ'' and ''*j'', but they occurred in a complementary distribution at that stage (in stressed and unstressed syllables, respectively). In Proto-Northern Jê, words with */w/ and */j/ (in stressed syllables) have been introduced from unknown sources (possibly via borrowings), as in ''*wet'' ‘lizard’, ''*wewe'' ‘butterfly’, or ''*jət'' ‘sweet potato’. In Proto-Goyaz Jê, underlying nasals acquired an oral phrase preceding an oral nucleus (thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Northern Jê Languages
The Northern Jê or Core Jê languages ( Portuguese: ''Jê Setentrionais'') are a branch of the Jê languages constituted by the Timbira dialect continuum (which includes Canela, Krahô, Pykobjê, Krikati, Parkatêjê, and Kỳikatêjê) and a number of languages spoken to the west of the Tocantins River, the Trans-Tocantins languages Apinajé, Mẽbêngôkre, Kĩsêdjê, and Tapayúna. Together with Panará (and its predecessor, Southern Kayapó), they form the Goyaz branch of the Jê family. The term ''Northern Jê'' has been sometimes used to refer to a broader group of languages, which also includes Panará and Southern Kayapó. In this article, the label ''Northern Jê'' is used in the narrow sense (that is, excluding Panará and Southern Kayapó). Phonology The Northern Jê languages have been noted for their outstanding relation between the nasality vs. orality of the nuclei and the allophonic realization of the adjacent nasal consonants. In Apinajé a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timbira Languages
Timbira is a dialect continuum of the Northern Jê language group of the Jê languages ̣( Macro-Jê) spoken in Brazil. The various dialects are distinct enough to sometimes be considered separate languages. The principal varieties, Krahô Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh (Craó), and Canela (Kanela), have 2000 speakers apiece, few of whom speak Portuguese. Pará Gavião has 600–700 speakers. Krẽje, however, is nearly extinct, with only 30 speakers in 1995. Timibira has been intensive contact with various Tupi-Guarani languages of the lower Tocantins- Mearim area, such as Guajajára, Tembé, Guajá, and Urubú-Ka'apór. Ararandewára, Turiwára, Tupinamba, and Nheengatu have also been spoken in the area. Some of people in the area are also remembers of Anambé and Amanajé. Varieties Linguistic varieties of Timbira include: * Canela (subdivided into Apànjêkra and Mẽmõrtũmre (a.k.a. Ràmkôkãmẽkra)), 2,500 speakers in Mara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jê Language
{{Disambiguation ...
Jê or Gê may refer to: *Jê languages *Jê peoples Jê or Gê are the people who spoke Jê languages of the northern South American Caribbean coast and Brazil. In Brazil, the Jê were found in Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Bahia, Piaui, Mato Grosso, Goias, Tocantins, Maranhão, and as far south ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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