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Kofler Bench
A Kofler bench, or Kofler heating bar; Kofler hot bar; Kofler hot bench, in German, ''Kofler-Heizbank'', is a metal strip with a temperature gradient (range room temperature to 300°C). Any substance can be placed on a section of the strip revealing its thermal behaviour at the temperature at that point. The gradient is engineered to be approximately linear. This melting-point apparatus for use with a microscope was developed by the Austrian pharmacognosist Ludwig Kofler (30 November 1891 Dornbirn - 23 August 1951 Innsbruck) and his wife mineralogist Adelheid Kofler. In 1936, the Koflers and Mayrhofer published their ''"Mikroskopische Methoden in der Mikrochemie"'' ofler, L., A. Kofler and Mayrhofer, A. (1936) Kofler and Kofler published their ''"Thermomikromethoden"'' ofler L., and A. Kofler (1954)in 1954. The integration of microscope and Kofler bench is known as the Kofler hot stage microscope. Kofler, his wife Adelheid, and their colleague, Maria Kuhnert-Brandstätter, in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludwig Kofler
Ludwig may refer to: People and fictional characters * Ludwig (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters * Ludwig (surname), including a list of people * Ludwig von Koopa, a character in Mario (the game) Arts and entertainment * "Ludwig", a 1967 song by Al Hirt * ''Ludwig'' (film), a 1973 film by Luchino Visconti about Ludwig II of Bavaria * '' Ludwig: Requiem for a Virgin King'', a 1972 film by Hans-Jürgen Syberberg about Ludwig II of Bavaria * ''Ludwig'' (1977 TV series), a 1977 animated children's series * ''Ludwig'' (2024 TV series), a 2024 television comedy drama series Other uses * Ludwig (crater), a small lunar impact crater just beyond the eastern limb of the Moon * Ludwig, Missouri, an unincorporated community in the United States * Ludwig Canal, an abandoned canal in southern Germany * Ludwig Drums, an American manufacturer of musical instruments * ''Ludwig'' (ship), a steamer that sank in 1861 after a collision with the '' Stadt Zürich'' S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dornbirn
Dornbirn () is a city in the westernmost Austrian state of Vorarlberg. It is the administrative centre for the district of Dornbirn, which also includes the town of Hohenems, and the market town Lustenau. Dornbirn is the largest city in Vorarlberg and the tenth largest city in Austria. It is an important commercial and shopping centre. Geography Location Dornbirn is located at 437 metres above sea level in the Alpine Rhine Valley, at the foot of the Karren mountain, part of the Bregenz Forest Mountain chain at the edge of the Eastern Alps. It is near the borders to Switzerland, Germany and Liechtenstein. The Dornbirner Ach river flows through the town and later into Lake Constance. Municipal structure Dornbirn once consisted only of four "quarters" or precincts: Markt, Hatlerdorf, Oberdorf and Haselstauden. By the 20th century, two new precincts to the west were formed: Rohrbach (formerly a part of Markt) and Schoren (formerly a part of Hatlerdorf), thus bringing the tot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Innsbruck
Innsbruck (; ) is the capital of Tyrol (federal state), Tyrol and the List of cities and towns in Austria, fifth-largest city in Austria. On the Inn (river), River Inn, at its junction with the Wipptal, Wipp Valley, which provides access to the Brenner Pass to the south, it had a population of 132,493 in 2018. In the broad valley between high mountains, the so-called North Chain in the Karwendel Alps (Hafelekarspitze, ) to the north and Patscherkofel () and Serles () to the south, Innsbruck is an internationally renowned winter sports centre; it hosted the 1964 Winter Olympics, 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics as well as the 1984 Winter Paralympics, 1984 and 1988 Winter Paralympics. It also hosted the first 2012 Winter Youth Olympics, Winter Youth Olympics in 2012 and is going to host the 2027 Winter Deaflympics. The name means "bridge over the Inn". History Antiquity The earliest traces suggest initial inhabitation in the early Stone Age. Surviving Ancient Rome, pre-Roman pla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mineralogy
Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical mineralogy, optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifact (archaeology), artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, as well as their utilization. History Early writing on mineralogy, especially on gemstones, comes from ancient Babylonia, the ancient Greco-Roman world, ancient and medieval History of China, China, and Sanskrit texts from History of India, ancient India and the ancient Islamic world. Books on the subject included the ''Naturalis Historia, Natural History'' of Pliny the Elder, which not only described many different minerals but also explained many of their properties, and Kitab al Jawahir (Book of Precious Stones) by Persian scientist Al-Biruni. The German Renaissance specialist Georgius Agricola ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adelheid Kofler
Adelheid Kofler née Schaschek (24 June 1889, Haugsdorf – 27 July 1985, Innsbruck) was an Austrian inventor, mineralogist, and ophthalmologist. She was among the early women to receive both Ph.D. and M.D. degrees from the University of Vienna. Biography After attending public school in Amstetten, Lower Austria, Adelheid Schaschek she studied from 1903 to 1907 at the municipal girls' lyceum in Brno, Czech Republic. From 1907 to 1911, she studied at the University of Vienna. In 1911, she passed the teaching examination, which qualified her to teach mathematics, natural history, and physics to female students at lyceums. In 1912, she passed a further examination, qualifying her to teach at teacher training institutions and higher schools for girls. She subsequently taught at the girls' lyceum in the Viennese district of Mariahilf. Under the direction of Friedrich Johann Karl Becke, she completed her doctoral dissertation on mineralogy and received her Ph.D. from the University of V ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maria Kuhnert-Brandstätter
Maria Kuhnert-Brandstätter (23 December 1919 – 20 April 2011), was an Austrian pharmacist trained in pharmacognosy and known for her research on thermomicroscopy, and her microchemical investigations of natural and synthetic drug substances. Biography Maria was born in Lamprechtshausen, north of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria, on 23 December 1919. She studied at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, University of Munich, and continued her studies of pharmacy and pharmacognosy in Vienna before graduating from the University of Innsbruck in 1942. Later that year, she became a student of Pharmacology, pharmacologist Ludwig Kofler at the University of Innsbruck and received her doctorate there in 1945 in pharmacognosy, which is the use of plants or other natural sources as a source of pharmaceuticals. In 1945, she was appointed head of the Institute of Pharmacognosy at the University of Innsbruck, where she worked for over half a century. There she collaborated with her advis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Walter McCrone
Walter Cox McCrone Jr. (June 9, 1916 – July 10, 2002) was an American chemist who worked extensively on applications of polarized light microscopy and is sometimes characterized as the "father of modern microscopy". He was also an expert in electron microscopy, crystallography, ultra- microanalysis, and particle identification. In 1960 he founded the McCrone Research Institute, a non-profit educational and research organization for microscopy based in Chicago. McCrone's crystallographic work on polymorphism and its pharmaceutical applications played a central role in the subsequent development of the field. To the general public, McCrone was best known for his work in forensic science, especially his analyses of the Vinland Map and the Shroud of Turin. In 2000, he received the American Chemical Society's National Award in Analytical Chemistry. Biography Walter McCrone was born in Wilmington, Delaware, but he grew up mostly in New York State. His father was a civil engineer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melting Point
The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state of matter, state from solid to liquid. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase (matter), phase exist in Thermodynamic equilibrium, equilibrium. The melting point of a substance depends on pressure and is usually specified at a Standard temperature and pressure, standard pressure such as 1 Atmosphere (unit), atmosphere or 100 Pascal (unit), kPa. When considered as the temperature of the reverse change from liquid to solid, it is referred to as the freezing point or crystallization point. Because of the ability of substances to Supercooling, supercool, the freezing point can easily appear to be below its actual value. When the "characteristic freezing point" of a substance is determined, in fact, the actual methodology is almost always "the principle of observing the disappearance rather than the formation of ice, that is, the #Melting point measurements, melting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Measuring Instruments
Instrumentation is a collective term for measuring instruments, used for indicating, measuring, and recording physical quantities. It is also a field of study about the art and science about making measurement instruments, involving the related areas of metrology, automation, and control theory. The term has its origins in the art and science of scientific instrument-making. Instrumentation can refer to devices as simple as direct-reading thermometers, or as complex as multi-sensor components of industrial control systems. Instruments can be found in laboratories, refineries, factories and vehicles, as well as in everyday household use (e.g., smoke detectors and thermostats). Measurement parameters Instrumentation is used to measure many parameters (physical values), including: *Pressure, either differential or static * Flow *Temperature * Levels of liquids, etc. *Moisture or humidity *Density *Viscosity * ionising radiation *Frequency * Current *Voltage *Inductance *C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
