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Knowledge Production Modes
A knowledge production mode is a term from the sociology of science which refers to the way (scientific) knowledge is produced. So far, three modes have been conceptualized. Mode 1 production of knowledge is knowledge production motivated by scientific knowledge alone (basic research) which is not primarily concerned by the applicability of its findings. Mode 1 is founded on a conceptualization of science as separated into discrete disciplines (e.g., a biologist does not bother about chemistry). Mode 2 was coined in 1994 in juxtaposition to Mode 1 by Michael Gibbons, Camille Limoges, Helga Nowotny, Simon Schwartzman, Peter Scott and Martin Trow. In Mode 2, multidisciplinary teams are brought together for short periods of time to work on specific problems in the real world for knowledge production (applied research) in the knowledge society. Mode 2 can be explained by the way research funds are distributed among scientists and how scientists focus on obtaining these funds i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sociology Of Science
The sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) is the study of science as a social activity, especially dealing with "the social conditions and effects of science, and with the social structures and processes of scientific activity." The sociology of scientific ignorance (SSI) is complementary to the sociology of scientific knowledge. For comparison, the sociology of knowledge studies the impact of human knowledge and the prevailing ideas on societies and relations between knowledge and the social context within which it arises. Sociologists of scientific knowledge study the development of a scientific field and attempt to identify points of contingency or interpretative flexibility where ambiguities are present. Such variations may be linked to a variety of political, historical, cultural or economic factors. Crucially, the field does not set out to promote relativism or to attack the scientific project; the objective of the researcher is to explain why one interpretatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Universal Law
In law and ethics, universal law or universal principle refers to concepts of legal legitimacy actions, whereby those principles and rules for governing human beings' conduct which are most universal in their acceptability, their applicability, translation, and philosophical basis, are therefore considered to be most legitimate. Debate Cognition, experiences and intuition are the starting points of legal thought, which has to be seen through the glasses of universality and abstractness. Notwithstanding this assumption, "legal principles 1) do not contain only logic and reason and that 2) they can be different in different situations despite their equal naming. The legal rules can be identical in different legal orders while they carry different wants". On one side "universality, abstraction, and theory itself are defined in a way that undermines the perspectives of some while privileging the perspectives of others"; on the other side, "the aspiration to universality itself may ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alex Verrijn Stuart
Adolf Alexander (Alex or Xander) Verrijn Stuart (Rotterdam, 22 October 1923 – Haarlem, 29 October 2004) was a Dutch computer scientist, and the first Professor in computer science at the Leiden University from 1969 tot 1991.G. Leistra (2008). "Xander Verrijn Stuart (1923-2004)" in: ''Gewone levens.'' p.209-210. Biography Alex Verrijn Stuart was born in Rotterdam, where his father was professor in economics at the Erasmus University Rotterdam. His grandfather was the economist Coenraad Alexander Verrijn Stuart, who in 1899 was the first president of the Statistics Netherlands. Verrijn Stuart received an MA in physics at the Delft University of Technology, and he received a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan. Afterwards he worked at the operations research department of Royal Dutch Shell for 18 years. In 1969 he was appointed the first Professor in computer science in the Netherlands, at the Leiden University. From 1973 to 1974 he had been a fellow at the Netherlands Instit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arie Rip
Arie Rip (born 13 June 1941, in Kethel en Spaland) is a Dutch professor emeritus of Philosophy of Science and Technology. Career During 1988–1989 he was the President of the international Society for Social Studies of Science. From 2000 until 2005 he was the head of WTMC, the Netherlands Graduate School of Science, Technology and Modern Culture. The WTMC is a formal collaboration of Dutch researchers studying the development of science, technology and modern culture. In 2006 Rip formally retired as the Professor of Philosophy of Science and Technology at the University of Twente, a position he held since 1987. He has published extensively on various topics concerning the philosophy and sociology of scientific and technological developments, and on science and innovation policy. Rip has, for example, introduced the widely used Constructive Technology Assessment method. Currently he is among others a Professor at the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa. Rip became chair ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SPRU
The Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU) is a research centre based at the University of Sussex in Falmer, near Brighton, United Kingdom. Its research focuses on science policy and innovation. SPRU offers MSc courses and PhD research degrees. In 2018, SPRU ranked 3rd in the world and 1st in the UK for top science and technology think tanks on the Global Go To Think Tank Index Report. Organization The Science Policy Research Unit is located within the University of Sussex Business School in Brighton, United Kingdom. SPRU's current director is Professor Jeremy Hall, formerly director of the Centre for Social Innovation Management at Surrey Business School and editor-in-chief of the ''Journal of Engineering and Technology Management''. He took over as professor from Johan Schot in September 2019. SPRU's specialist research centres include: *Sussex Energy Group (SEG) *Sussex Sustainability Research Programme (SSRP) *The STEPS Centre (co-hosted with the Institute of Development ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Loet Leydesdorff
Louis André (Loet) Leydesdorff (21 August 1948, Batavia (Dutch East Indies) - 11 March 2023, Amsterdam) was a Dutch sociologist, cyberneticist, communication scientist and Professor in the Dynamics of Scientific Communication and Technological Innovation at the University of Amsterdam. He is known for his work in the sociology of communication and innovation, especially for his Triple helix model of innovation developed with Henry Etzkowitz in the 1990s. Biography Leydesdorff was born in 1948 in Batavia (present-day Jakarta), then the capital of the Dutch East Indies. He received a B.Sc. in chemistry in 1969, a M.Sc. biochemistry in 1973, and an M.A. in philosophy in 1977. In 1984 he obtained his Ph.D. in sociology at the University of Amsterdam. In 1969 Leydesdorff started working as part-time professor for chemical technology at the Gerrit Rietveld Academie in Amsterdam. In 1972 he started his career at the University of Amsterdam as teaching assistant for "Science an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science Diplomacy
Science diplomacy describes how scientific exchanges and the cross-border collaboration of scientists or scientific organizations can perform diplomatic functions in the context of international relations. Most often this diplomacy happens as part of scientific cooperation as a means of building relationships between states and within international organizations. Science diplomacy is a set of activities in which scientific, diplomatic, and other interests overlap and in which states, international organizations and non-state actors represent themselves and their interests. It is a global phenomenon. Science diplomacy can include formal, informal, research-based, academic or engineering exchanges. It typically involves interactions between scientists and officials involved in diplomacy. Science diplomacy’s advocates note that science diplomacy aims to address common problems. However, science diplomacy can at times reify or accentuate asymmetrical power relations, and, especially ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
The Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Science () was a German scientific institution established in the German Empire in 1911. Its functions were taken over by the Max Planck Society. The Kaiser Wilhelm Society was an umbrella organisation for many institutes, testing stations, and research units created under its authority. History Constitution The Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft (KWG) was founded in 1911 as a research institution outside the university system in order to advance the interests of German state and capital through the development of scientific knowledge relevant to industrial and military application. The inaugural meeting was held on 11 January 1911. The constituent institutes were established in succession and placed under the guidance of prominent directors, whose ranks included the physicists and chemists Walther Bothe, Peter Debye, Albert Einstein, Fritz Haber and Otto Hahn; a board of trustees also provided guidance. Funding came from both bus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Steve Fuller (sociologist)
Steve William Fuller (born 1959) is an American social philosophy, social philosopher in the field of science and technology studies. He has published in the areas of social epistemology, academic freedom, and in support of intelligent design and transhumanism. Biography Fuller attended Regis High School (New York City), Regis High School in Manhattan. Admitted as a John Jay Scholar to Columbia University, he majored in history and sociology and graduated summa cum laude in 1979. Awarded a Kellett Fellowship, he studied at Clare College, Cambridge, and received an M.Phil. in History and Philosophy of Science in 1981. He earned his Ph.D. in the same subject from the University of Pittsburgh in 1985, where he was an Andrew Mellon Pre-Doctoral Fellow. Fuller's doctoral dissertation, "Bounded Rationality in Law and Science", explored the implications of the views of Herbert A. Simon for political theory and philosophy of science. Fuller held assistant and associate professorships ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quadruple And Quintuple Innovation Helix (Q2IH) Framework
Quadruple may refer to: * 4-tuple, an ordered list of elements, with four elements * Quad (figure skating), a figure skating jump * Quadruple (computing), a term used as alternative for nibble in some contexts * Quadruple-precision floating-point format in computing * Multiple birth with four offspring * A term for winning four football trophies in a single season See also * 4 (other) * Quadruple Alliance (other), any of a number of military alliances * Quadruple glazing file:QGU1.jpg, Standard quadruple glazed window - openable file:Renovation with quadruple-pane in Oslo.jpg, The quadruple glazing, Q-Air, on Deg 8 building in Oslo, Norway (2020). Renovation brings Ug value of 0.29 W/(m2K) -value 20 Quadruple gl ..., a type of insulated glazing * Quadrupel, a strong beer * Quadripole * Quadrupole">Quadrupel, a strong beer * Quadripole">Quadrupel">-value 20 Quadruple gl ..., a type of insulated glazing * Quadrupel, a strong beer * Quadripole * Quadrupole ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Actor–network Theory
Actor–network theory (ANT) is a theoretical and methodological approach to social theory where everything in the social and natural worlds exists in constantly shifting networks of relationships. It posits that nothing exists outside those relationships. All the factors involved in a social situation are on the same level, and thus there are no external social forces beyond what and how the network participants interact at present. Thus, objects, ideas, processes, and any other relevant factors are seen as just as important in creating social situations as humans. ANT holds that social forces do not exist in themselves, and therefore cannot be used to explain social phenomena. Instead, strictly empirical analysis should be undertaken to "describe" rather than "explain" social activity. Only after this can one introduce the concept of social forces, and only as an abstract theoretical concept, not something which genuinely exists in the world. Although it is best known for it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prediction
A prediction (Latin ''præ-'', "before," and ''dictum'', "something said") or forecast is a statement about a future event or about future data. Predictions are often, but not always, based upon experience or knowledge of forecasters. There is no universal agreement about the exact difference between "prediction" and " estimation"; different authors and disciplines ascribe different connotations. Future events are necessarily uncertain, so guaranteed accurate information about the future is impossible. Prediction can be useful to assist in making plans about possible developments. Opinion In a non-statistical sense, the term "prediction" is often used to refer to an informed guess or opinion. A prediction of this kind might be informed by a predicting person's abductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, and experience; and may be useful—if the predicting person is a knowledgeable person in the field. The Delphi method is a technique for elicitin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
