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Karanam
Karanam (Telugu: కరణం) or Karnam was an office and title native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Traditionally, Karanam was an official who maintained the accounts and records of the villages and collected the taxes. Karanam was one of the two village-level administrative posts that existed in Andhra along with 'Munasabu' (Munsiff). The Karanam kept an elaborate system of village accounts. The position of Karanam was traditionally held by Niyogi Brahmins. In the Godavari districts, Kapus held the position as well, while in other regions, it was sometimes occupied by Golkonda Vyapari Brahmins, Deshastha Brahmins, and Karans. The title "Karanam" is comparable to "Kulkarni" in North Karnataka and Maharashtra and "Shanbhaug" in Karnataka. In 1985, the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, N. T. Rama Rao, abolished the hereditary Karanam system and replaced it with the Village Revenue Officer (VRO) post. History The origin of village officers like Kara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Golconda Vyapari Brahmin
Golconda Vyapari Brahmin (also referred as Vyapari Brahmins), is a Telugu Brahmin subcaste native to the Indian states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, but are also found in Maharashtra and other parts of South India. In the Telangana region they served as Karanams (Village accountant) and in Andhra Pradesh region they served as Karanams (Village accountant) and other higher officials under Qutb Shahis of Golconda and Nizams of Hyderabad. History Golconda Vyapari Brahmins sub-group within Telugu Brahmin community and have their own caste organizations. Golconda Vyaparis are closely related to Deshastha Brahmins and have intimate relations with them. Marriages between Golconda Vyaparis and Deshastha Brahmins are very common. During the times of the Golconda Sultanate, Deshastha Brahmins who already were serving as high-level administrators under Qutub Shahis replaced Niyogis at the village level as revenue officers with the help of Golconda Vyaparis. In 1579 Khasa Rayarao, a D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karan (caste)
The Karan or Karana is a community found in the state of Odisha in India. The post of Karana used to be a professional designation that was occupied by literate peoples. They held Karanam posts in some parts of Andhra Pradesh, where they speak Odia language, Odia and played a similar role in Odisha to that of the Kayasthas of West Bengal and Bihar. In the social hierarchy of Odisha they rank next to Brahmins. They exclusively served the ruling powers as their ministers, advisors, governors, military commanders, record keepers and dewans. They owned most Zamindaris in Odisha. They have the highest literacy caste-wise and are highly prosperous. Today they are a politically dominant community and have reigned over the politics of Odisha for 50 years. Origin Divisions Karanas in Odisha are divided into various divisions, out of these divisions Kshatriya Karanas are considered superior to other divisions of Karanas. They are classified as Vratyas. Karanas used to observe rituals like ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kapu (caste)
Kapu is a Hindus, Hindu caste primarily found in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Kapus are classified as a Forward caste, and are a community of land-owning agriculturists. Historically, they also served as military generals (Nayak (title), Nayakas) and warriors in Hindu kingdoms such as the Vijayanagara Empire. Kapus are a dominant caste of Andhra Pradesh. They are primarily present in Coastal Andhra, with a major concentration in the Godavari Delta, Godavari-Krishna River, Krishna River delta, delta region. Kapus commonly use the title Naidu. The Kapu caste includes the subcastes Telaga and #Ontari, Ontari, both historically recognized as warrior communities known for their honour and bravery. The terms Kapu and Telaga are often used interchangeably. The origins of the Telagas are linked to the Velanati Chodas, Velanadu chiefs (1076–1216 CE), who ruled Coastal Andhra and gradually became known as Telagas. In most of Coastal Andhra, Kapu, Telaga, and Ontari are all refe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Telugu Language
Telugu (; , ) is a Dravidian languages, Dravidian language native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where it is also the official language. Spoken by about 96 million people (2022), Telugu is the most widely spoken member of the Dravidian language family, and one of the twenty-two Languages with legal status in India, scheduled languages of the Republic of India. It is one of the few languages that has primary official status in more than one States and union territories of India, Indian state, alongside Hindi and Bengali language, Bengali. Telugu is one of the languages designated as a Classical Languages of India, classical language by the Government of India. It is the 14th most spoken native language in the world.Statistics in Modern Standard Telugu is based on the dialect of erstwhile Krishna, Guntur, East Godavari and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multilingualism
Multilingualism is the use of more than one language, either by an individual speaker or by a group of speakers. When the languages are just two, it is usually called bilingualism. It is believed that multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world's population. More than half of all Europeans claim to speak at least one language other than their mother tongue; but many read and write in one language. Being multilingual is advantageous for people wanting to participate in trade, globalization and cultural openness. Owing to the ease of access to information facilitated by the Internet, individuals' exposure to multiple languages has become increasingly possible. People who speak several languages are also called '' polyglots''. Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood, the so-called first language (L1). The first language (sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue) is usually acquired without formal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy
Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy (1863-1940) was a Telugu writer and one of the earliest modern Telugu linguists and social visionaries during the British rule. He championed the cause of using a language comprehensible to the common man (‘Vyavaharika Bhasha’) as opposed to the scholastic language (‘Grandhika Bhasha’). Early life Gidugu Ramamurthy was born at Parvatalapeta, Srikakulam near Vamsadhara River on the border of Orissa, then part of Madras Presidency. His father Veeraraju worked as revenue inspector and died when Ramamurthy was just 12 years old. It was a struggle for him to survive. He studied privately and passed his matriculation, staying in his sister's house and began his life as a teacher in Gajapati Maharaja School, Parlakimidi for 55 years. Albeit being a historian as well, Ramamurthy was unable to read ‘Sasanas’ on stone tablets clearly. To understand them he studied books that were imported by Vizianagaram Maharaja's son Kumara Raja. He studied ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paravastu Chinnayasuri
Paravastu Chinnayasuri (1806/7–1861/2) was a Telugu writer who played a prominent role in the elevation of prose to importance in Telugu literature. He was the first Telugu Pandit at the Presidency College, Madras. He also worked as a law scholar for the Supreme Court of East India Company. He was acclaimed as a profound scholar in Telugu and Sanskrit in the traditional education. More than a third of his life span was spent in teaching Telugu in schools and in the Presidency college, Madras. Life Paravastu Chinnayasuri was born in 1806/7 in Perambur of Chengalpattu district in a Satani family He was the son of Venkata Rangayya, a Vaishnavite scholar. He worked as a Telugu teacher at Pachaiyappa's College in Madras. He also worked as a law scholar for the Supreme Court of East India Company. He was a Pundit in the Telugu, Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Tamil languages. He died in 1861/2. Literary works Chinnayasuri translated the first two books of the Sanskrit Panchatantra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pandit
A pandit (; ; also spelled pundit, pronounced ; abbreviated Pt. or Pdt.) is an individual with specialised knowledge or a teacher of any field of knowledge in Hinduism, particularly the Vedic scriptures, dharma, or Hindu philosophy; in colonial-era literature, the term generally refers to lawyers specialized in Hindu law. Whereas, today the title is used for experts in other subjects, such as music. Pandit entered English as the loanword pundit, referring to a person who offers opinion in an authoritative manner on a particular subject area (typically politics, the social sciences, technology or sport), usually through the mass media. Ustad is the equivalent title for a Muslim man in the musical sense. The equivalent titles for a Hindu woman are Vidushi, Pandita, or Panditain; however, these titles are not currently in widespread use. In Sanskrit, pandit generally refers to any "wise, educated or learned man" with specialized knowledge. The term is derived from ' () which means ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Variety (linguistics)
In sociolinguistics, a variety, also known as a lect or an isolect, is a specific form of a language or language cluster. This may include languages, dialects, registers, styles, or other forms of language, as well as a standard variety.Meecham, Marjorie and Janie Rees-Miller. (2001) "Language in social contexts." In W. O'Grady, J. Archibald, M. Aronoff and J. Rees-Miller (eds) ''Contemporary Linguistics''. pp. 537-590. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. The use of the word ''variety'' to refer to the different forms avoids the use of the term ''language'', which many people associate only with the standard language, and the term ''dialect'', which is often associated with non-standard language forms thought of as less prestigious or "proper" than the standard.Schilling-Estes, Natalies. (2006) "Dialect variation." In R.W. Fasold and J. Connor-Linton (eds) ''An Introduction to Language and Linguistics''. pp. 311-341. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Linguists speak of both s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Velama
Velama are a Hindu caste found mainly in Telangana and AP. The term "Velama" was first recorded for the community in a 17th century inscription. The text "Velugoti Vari Vamsavali" documents the medieval military history of Velama rulers. Origin and history The Velamas have been identified by this name since the 17th century, although the poet Srinatha used the terms Velama and Padmanayaka separately in his early 15th-century text, ''Bhimeswara Puranamu''. Historian Cynthia Talbot notes, however, that while such terms were in use, the Velama identity as a consolidated caste category had not yet formed during the Kakatiya period. According to her, caste labels like Velama and Padmanayaka did not denote closed kin groups at that time and only crystallized into distinct social identities in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Padmanayaka designation first appears in inscriptions around 1586 CE and was used by various Telugu warrior lineages of Telangana origin, including those w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deshpande
Deshpande is a surname native to the Indian states of Karnataka, and Maharashtra. The surname can be also found in some parts of Himachal Pradesh. Deshpande surname is found among the Deshastha Brahmins, Gaud Saraswat Brahmins (GSB) and the Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus ( CKP). Etymology The name Deshpande is believed to be a combination of two words (Desh and Pande). Desh means a country or a territory or a group of villages. Pande means one who maintains records or accounts. So Deshpande means one who maintains accounts or records at a territory level or district level. Deshpande as a title for district revenue records Deshpande was a historical title given to a person who was appointed as accountant to a territory of land. The title dates back to medieval Deccan sultanates and Maratha Empire era. It was a title conferred on officers responsible for record keeping at Pargana level. The administrative chief of the pargana was called Deshmukh. Their equivalent at village level ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karnataka
Karnataka ( ) is a States and union territories of India, state in the southwestern region of India. It was Unification of Karnataka, formed as Mysore State on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, States Reorganisation Act, and renamed ''Karnataka'' in 1973. The state is bordered by the Lakshadweep Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Telangana to the northeast, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the List of states and union territories of India by population, eighth-largest state by population, comprising 31 List of districts in India, districts. With 15,257,000 residents, the state capital Bengaluru is the largest city of Karnataka. The economy of Karnataka is among the most productive in the country with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of and a per capita GSDP of for the financial year 2023– ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
