|
John Ireland (archbishop)
John Ireland (baptized September 11, 1838 – September 25, 1918) was an American prelate who was the third Catholic Church, Catholic bishop and first Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, archbishop of Saint Paul, Minnesota (1888–1918). He became both a religious as well as civic leader in Saint Paul, Minnesota, Saint Paul during the turn of the 20th century. Ireland was known for his progressive stance on education, immigration and relations between Separation of church and state, church and state, as well as his opposition to saloons, alcoholism, political machines, and political corruption. He promoted the Americanization of Catholicism, especially through imposing the English only movement on Catholic parishes by force, a private war against the Eastern Catholic Churches, seeking to make Catholic schools identical to public schools through the Poughkeepsie plan, and through other progressive social ideas. He was widely considered the primary lea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Most Reverend
The Most Reverend (abbreviated as The Most Revd or The Most Rev) is an honorific style (form of address), style given to certain (primarily Western Christian, Western) Christian clergy and Christian minister, ministers. It is a variant of the more common style "The Reverend". Catholic In the Catholic Church, two different systems may be found. In most countries, all bishops are styled "The Most Reverend", as well as monsignors of the rank of protonotary apostolic ''de numero''. In the United Kingdom, only archbishops bear the style "The Most Reverend", with other bishops styled "The Right Reverend". By custom, this title is used for the Minister general, ministers general of the various branches of the Order of Friars Minor as well as of the Third Order Regular of St. Francis. Eastern Orthodox In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox tradition, archbishops under the Ecumenical Patriarchate (those who are not the Primate (bishop), primates of autocephalous churches) and M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English Only Movement
The English-only movement, also known as the Official English movement, is a political movement that advocates for the exclusive use of the English language in official United States government communication through the establishment of English as the only official language in the United States. An executive order issued on March 1, 2025 declared English to be the official language of the United States. Historically, in various locations throughout the United States, there have been various moves to promote or require the use of English, such as in Native American boarding schools. Support for the English-only movement began in 1907, under US President Theodore Roosevelt, and continues today as studies prove high percentage in approval ratings. Republican candidates have supported this movement during elections. The English-only movement has received criticism and rejection within societies and educational systems. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has stated that E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Most Reverend
The Most Reverend (abbreviated as The Most Revd or The Most Rev) is an honorific style (form of address), style given to certain (primarily Western Christian, Western) Christian clergy and Christian minister, ministers. It is a variant of the more common style "The Reverend". Catholic In the Catholic Church, two different systems may be found. In most countries, all bishops are styled "The Most Reverend", as well as monsignors of the rank of protonotary apostolic ''de numero''. In the United Kingdom, only archbishops bear the style "The Most Reverend", with other bishops styled "The Right Reverend". By custom, this title is used for the Minister general, ministers general of the various branches of the Order of Friars Minor as well as of the Third Order Regular of St. Francis. Eastern Orthodox In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox tradition, archbishops under the Ecumenical Patriarchate (those who are not the Primate (bishop), primates of autocephalous churches) and M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Americanism (heresy)
Americanism was, in the years around 1900, a political and religious outlook attributed to some American Catholics and denounced as heresy by the Holy See. In the 1890s, European "continental conservative" clerics detected signs of modernism or classical liberalism, which Pope Pius IX had condemned in the '' Syllabus of Errors'' in 1864, among the beliefs and teachings of many members of the American Catholic hierarchy, who denied the charges. Pope Leo XIII wrote against these ideas in a letter to Cardinal James Gibbons, published as . The long-term result was that the Irish Catholics who largely controlled the Catholic Church in the United States increasingly demonstrated loyalty to the pope, and suppressed traces of liberal thought in Catholic colleges. At bottom, the conflict was cultural, as conservative American Catholics from continental Europe, angered at the heavy attacks on the Catholic Church in Germany, France and other countries, sought to weaken individualist atti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heresy In Christianity
Heresy in Christianity denotes the formal denial or doubt of a core doctrine of the Christian faith as defined by one or more of the Church (congregation), Christian churches. The study of heresy requires an understanding of the development of orthodoxy and the role of creeds in the definition of orthodox beliefs, since heresy is always defined in relation to orthodoxy. Orthodoxy has been in the process of self-definition for centuries, defining itself in terms of its faith by clarifying beliefs in opposition to people or doctrines that are perceived as incorrect. Etymology The word ''heresy'' comes from ''haeresis'', a Latin transliteration of the Greek word αἵρεσις originally meaning choosing, choice, course of action, or in an extended sense a sect or school of thought, which by the first century came to denote warring factions and the party spirit. The word appears in the New Testament, usually translated as ''sect'', and was appropriated by the Church to mean a se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Testem Benevolentiae Nostrae
''Testem benevolentiae nostrae'' is an apostolic letter written by Pope Leo XIII to Cardinal James Gibbons, Archbishop of Baltimore, dated January 22, 1899. In it, the pope addressed a heresy that he called Americanism and expressed his concern that the Catholic Church in the United States should guard against American values of liberalism and pluralism undermining the doctrine of the Church. Background ''Testem benevolentiae nostrae'' is Latin for "Witness to Our Good Will." Pope Leo XIII was concerned about the culture of Catholics in the United States in response to the preface of the French translation of the biography of the American priest Isaac Thomas Hecker.Pallen, Condé. "Testem Benevolentiae." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 7 Novem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII (; born Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci; 2March 181020July 1903) was head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 until his death in July 1903. He had the fourth-longest reign of any pope, behind those of Peter the Apostle, Pius IX (his immediate predecessor), and Pope John Paul II, John Paul II. Born in Carpineto Romano, near Rome, Leo XIII is well known for his intellectualism and his attempts to define the position of the Catholic Church with regard to modern thinking. In his 1891 Papal encyclical, encyclical ''Rerum novarum'', Pope Leo outlined the Workers rights, rights of workers to a fair wage, Occupational safety and health, safe working conditions, and the formation of trade unions, while affirming the rights to property and Market economy, free enterprise, opposing both Atheism, atheistic socialism and ''laissez-faire'' capitalism. With that encyclical, he became popularly called the "Social Pope" and the "Pope of the Workers", also having cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Joseph Frederick Otto Zardetti
John Joseph Frederick Otto Zardetti (January 24, 1847 – May 10, 1902) was a Swiss prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He first served as the first bishop of the new Diocese of Saint Cloud in Minnesota in the United States from 1889 to 1894. Zardetti then served as Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Bucharest in what is today Romania from 1894 to 1895. After resigning as archbishop, Zardetti briefly, but influentially served in the Roman Curia with the title of titular archbishop of Mocissus. According to his biographer Fr. Vincent A. Yzermans, Archbishop Zardetti, whose clashes with Archbishop John Ireland and his supporters in the American Catholic hierarchy are well-documented, later played a major role in successfully pushing for Pope Leo XIII's 1899 Apostolic letter '' Testem Benevolentiae'', which condemned Archbishop Ireland's ideas as the heresy of Americanism. In commenting on Zardetti's role in the letter, Fr. Yzermans has commented, "In this arena he might well ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linguistic Rights
Linguistic rights are the human rights, human and civil rights concerning the individual and collective right to choose the language or languages for communication in a private or public atmosphere. Other parameters for analyzing linguistic rights include the degree of territoriality, amount of positivity, orientation in terms of assimilation or maintenance, and overtness. Linguistic rights include, among others, the right to one's own language in legal, administrative and judicial acts, language education, and media in a language understood and freely chosen by those concerned. Linguistic rights in international law are usually dealt in the broader framework of cultural rights, cultural and right to education, educational rights. Important documents for linguistic rights include the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights (1996), the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (1992), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) and the Framework Convention for t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Progressive Era
The Progressive Era (1890s–1920s) was a period in the United States characterized by multiple social and political reform efforts. Reformers during this era, known as progressivism in the United States, Progressives, sought to address issues they associated with rapid technological and industrial history of the United States, industrialization, urbanization in the United States, urbanization, immigration to the United States, immigration, and corruption in the United States, political corruption, as well as the concentration of industrial ownership in monopoly, monopolies. Reformers expressed concern about slums, poverty in the United States, poverty, and labor conditions. Multiple overlapping movements pursued social, political, and economic reforms by advocating changes in governance, scientific methods, and professionalism; regulating business; environmental protection, protecting the natural environment; and seeking to improve urban living and working conditions. Corru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catholic Church In The United States
The Catholic Church in the United States is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in full communion, communion with the pope, who as of 2025 is Chicago, Illinois-born Pope Leo XIV, Leo XIV. With 23 percent of the United States' population , the Catholic Church is the country's second-largest religious grouping after Protestantism in the United States, Protestantism, and the country's largest single church if Protestantism is divided into separate Christian denomination, denominations. In a 2020 Gallup, Inc., Gallup poll, 25% of Americans said they were Catholic. The United States has the fourth-largest Catholic Church by country, Catholic population in the world, after Catholic Church in Brazil, Brazil, Catholic Church in Mexico, Mexico, and the Catholic Church in the Philippines, Philippines. History Catholicism has had a significant cultural, social, and political impact on the United States. Early colonial period One of the Thirteen Colonies of British America, the Pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modernism In The Catholic Church
Modernism in the Catholic Church describes attempts to reconcile Catholicism with modern culture, specifically an understanding of the Bible and Sacred Tradition in light of the historical-critical method and new philosophical and political developments of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The term ''modernism''—generally used by its critics rather than by adherents of positions associated with it—came to prominence in Pope Pius X's 1907 encyclical '' Pascendi Dominici gregis'', where he condemned modernism as "the synthesis of all heresies". Writing in the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' in 1911, the Jesuit Arthur Vermeersch gave a definition of modernism in the perspective of the Catholic heresiology of his time:"In general we may say that modernism aims at that radical transformation of human thought in relation to God, man, the world, and life, here and hereafter, which was prepared by Humanism and eighteenth-century philosophy, and solemnly promulgated at the French ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
