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Johanna July
Johanna "Chona" July (c. 18601942) was a skilled horsebreaker and member of the Black Seminole community. Biography Johanna was born near Nacimiento, Mexico in approximately 1860. Her ancestors had been forced to migrate from Florida to Nacimiento, by way of Fort Gibson, Oklahoma, following the Indian Removal Act. She was born to Jennie Bruner (also spelled Bruno). Some narrative refer to her father with the last name Philips, likely Black Seminole U.S. Army scout Ned Philips. Others claim her father was Elijah July. In 1870, Ned Philips joined the Black Seminole scouts in exchange for land and American citizenship. Johanna, her parents, and her brother Joseph moved to Fort Duncan Fort Duncan was a United States Army base, set up to protect the first U.S. settlement on the Rio Grande near the current town of Eagle Pass, Texas. History A line of seven army posts was established in 1848–49 after the Mexican War to protec ..., where her father broke horses for the army, far ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black Seminoles
The Black Seminoles, or Afro-Seminoles, are an ethnic group of mixed Native Americans in the United States, Native American and African American, African origin associated with the Seminole people in Florida and Oklahoma. They are mostly blood descendants of the Seminole people, free Negro, free Africans, and escaped former slavery in the United States, slaves, who allied with Seminole groups in Spanish Florida. Many have Seminole lineage, but due to the stigma of having mixed origin, they have all been categorized as slaves or Freedmen in the past. Repeated invasions and the fight against enslavement, and the preservation of culture mark the history of the Afro-Seminoles. Historically, the Black Seminoles lived mostly in distinct bands near the Native American Seminoles. Some were held as slaves, particularly of Seminole leaders, but the Black Seminole had more freedom than did slaves held by whites in the South and by other Native American tribes, including the right to bear arm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nacimiento De Los Negros
Nacimiento may refer to: Settlements *Nacimiento, Chile, a municipality in the province of Bío Bío, region of Bío Bío, Chile *Nacimiento, Spain, a municipality in the province of Almería, Andalusia, Spain *Nacimiento, California, United States *Lake Nacimiento, California, United States *, in the Mexican state of Coahuila, a Kickapoo settlement Other geographic features *Nacimiento Mountains, a mountain range in the northwestern part of the US state of New Mexico *Cerro del Nacimiento, a mountain peak in the Andes in Argentina *Nacimiento Formation, a Paleocene-age rock unit in the San Juan Basin of New Mexico *Nacimiento River, in California *Lake Nacimiento, in California Other uses *''Nacimiento 28 diciembre'', a traditional nativity scene In the Christian tradition, a nativity scene (also known as a manger scene, crib, crèche ( or ), or in Italian ''presepio'' or ''presepe'', or Bethlehem) is the special exhibition, particularly during the Christmastide, Christmas se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indian Removal Act
The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was signed into law on May 28, 1830, by United States president Andrew Jackson. The law, as described by Congress, provided "for an exchange of lands with the Indians residing in any of the states or territories, and for their removal west of the Mississippi River, river Mississippi". During the presidency of Jackson (1829–1837) and his successor Martin Van Buren (1837–1841), more than 60,000 Native Americans from at least 18 tribes were forced to move west of the Mississippi River where they were allocated new lands. The southern tribes were resettled mostly in Indian Territory (Oklahoma). The northern tribes were resettled initially in Kansas. With a few exceptions, the United States east of the Mississippi and south of the Great Lakes was emptied of its Native American population. The movement westward of Tribe, indigenous tribes was characterized by a large number of deaths due to the hardships of the journey. Also available in reprint from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fort Duncan
Fort Duncan was a United States Army base, set up to protect the first U.S. settlement on the Rio Grande near the current town of Eagle Pass, Texas. History A line of seven army posts was established in 1848–49 after the Mexican War to protect the settlers of West Texas and included History of Fort Worth, Texas, Fort Worth, Fort Graham, Fort Gates, Fort Croghan, Fort Martin Scott, Fort Lincoln, Texas, Fort Lincoln and Fort Duncan.Crimmins, M.L., 1943, ''The First Line of Army Posts Established in West Texas in 1849'', Abilene: West Texas Historical Association, Vol. XIX, pp. 121-127 Fort Duncan was established on March 27, 1849, when Captain Sidney Burbank occupied the site with companies A, B, and F of the 1st Infantry Regiment (United States), First United States Infantry.Thompson, R.A., 2004, ''Fort Duncan, Texas: Rock of the Rio Grande Line of Defense'', Austin: Nortex Press, On November 14, 1849, the post was named Fort Duncan, after Col. James Duncan, a hero of the Mexic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Works Progress Administration
The Works Progress Administration (WPA; from 1935 to 1939, then known as the Work Projects Administration from 1939 to 1943) was an American New Deal agency that employed millions of jobseekers (mostly men who were not formally educated) to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads. It was set up on May 6, 1935, by presidential order, as a key part of the Second New Deal. The WPA's first appropriation in 1935 was $4.9 billion (about $15 per person in the U.S., around 6.7 percent of the 1935 GDP). Headed by Harry Hopkins, the WPA supplied paid jobs to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States, while building up the public infrastructure of the US, such as parks, schools, and roads. Most of the jobs were in construction, building more than of streets and over 10,000 bridges, in addition to many airports and much housing. In 1942, the WPA played a key role in both building and staffing Internment of Japanes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brackettville, Texas
Brackettville is a city in Kinney County, Texas, United States. The population was 1,341 at the 2020 census, down from 1,688 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Kinney County. History Founded in 1852 as "Las Moras" (the name of a nearby spring and the creek it feeds), the town initially was a supply stop on the old San Antonio-El Paso road and a supply depot for the U.S. Army's Fort Clark (the fort was established the same year). Later the town was named "Brackett" after Oscar B. Brackett, the owner of the first dry goods store in the area. In 1873, when a post office was awarded, "ville" was appended to the name to differentiate it from another town. The town grew quickly through the 19th century with the expansion of the garrison at Fort Clark for the Indian Wars. The town's fortunes were tied to the fort. For many years, it was the base of the famous Buffalo Soldiers, made up of African Americans. Demographically, Brackettville had a larger proportion of Black ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1860 Births
Events January * January 2 – The astronomer Urbain Le Verrier announces the discovery of a hypothetical planet Vulcan (hypothetical planet), Vulcan at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris, France. * January 10 – The Pemberton Mill in Lawrence, Massachusetts collapses, killing at least 77 workers. * January 13 – Battle of Tétouan, Morocco: Spanish troops under General Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuan defeat the Moroccan Army. * January 20 – Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour is recalled as Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia. February * February 20 – Canadian Royal Mail steamer (1859) is wrecked on Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia, on passage from the British Isles to the United States with all 205 onboard lost. * February 26 – The 1860 Wiyot Massacre, Wiyot Massacre takes place at Tuluwat Island, Humboldt Bay in northern California. * February 26, February 27 – Abraham Lincoln makes his Cooper Union speech, Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1942 Deaths
The Uppsala Conflict Data Program project estimates this to be the deadliest year in human history in terms of conflict deaths, placing the death toll at 4.62 million. However, the Correlates of War estimates that the prior year, 1941, was the deadliest such year. Death toll estimates for both 1941 and 1942 range from 2.28 to 7.71 million each. Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 1 – WWII: The Declaration by United Nations is signed by China, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and 22 other nations, in which they agree "not to make any separate peace with the Axis powers". * January 5 – WWII: Two prisoners, British officer Airey Neave and Dutch officer Anthony Luteyn, escape from Colditz Castle in Germany. After travelling for three days, they reach the Swiss border. * January 7 – WWII: ** Battle of Slim River: Japanese forces of the 5th Division, supported by tanks, sweep through ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black Seminole People
Black is a color that results from the absence or complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, without chroma, like white and grey. It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness.Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 105–26. Black and white have often been used to describe opposites such as good and evil, the Dark Ages versus the Age of Enlightenment, and night versus day. Since the Middle Ages, black has been the symbolic color of solemnity and authority, and for this reason it is still commonly worn by judges and magistrates. Black was one of the first colors used by artists in Neolithic cave paintings. It was used in ancient Egypt and Greece as the color of the underworld. In the Roman Empire, it became the color of mourning, and over the centuries it was frequently associated with death, evil, witches, and magic. In the 14th century, it was worn by royalty, clergy, judges, and government off ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cowboys
A cowboy is a professional pastoralist or mounted livestock herder, usually from the Americas or Australia. Cowboy(s) or The Cowboy(s) may also refer to: Film and television * ''Cowboy'' (1958 film), starring Glenn Ford * ''Cowboy'' (1966 film), a documentary *'' The Cowboys'', a 1972 Western film starring John Wayne * ''Cowboy'' (2013 film), a Malayalam film starring Asif Ali and Bala * ''Cowboys'' (2013 film), a Croatian film *'' Les Cowboys'', a 2015 French-Belgian drama film * ''Cowboys'' (2020 film), an American film * ''The Cowboys'' (TV series), a 1974 series based on the 1972 film * ''Cowboys'' (TV series), a British TV sitcom * "Cowboy" (''M*A*S*H''), a 1972 episode of ''M*A*S*H'' *Cowboy, a fictional gang member in ''The Warriors'', a 1979 film and later video game Groups * Cochise County Cowboys, an outlaw gang which participated in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral *Cowboys, a group of Loyalist irregulars during the American Revolution led by Claudius Smith Music * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
