|
Joel Breman
Joel Breman (December 1, 1936 – April 6, 2024) was an American epidemiologist who worked for the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the World Health Organization (WHO) and became president of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. He led efforts to control botulism, ebola, malaria, smallpox and emerging infectious diseases. Early life and education Joel Gordon Breman was born on December 1, 1936, in Chicago, but grew up in Los Angeles. He attended the University of California, Los Angeles, where he was a member of the varsity crew team. After graduating in the late 1950s, he became an artillery officer before going on to attend the University of Southern California (USC) School of Medicine, graduating in 1965. He completed a residency in internal medicine at Los Angeles County-USC Medical Center, followed by a fellowship in Infectious diseases at Boston City Hospital, the latter of which was supported by a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yambuku
Yambuku is a small village in Mongala, Mongala Province in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was the center of the first documented outbreak of Ebola, Ebola virus disease, in 1976, with the World Health Organization identifying a man from Yambuku as the index case. It is northeast of the capital city of Kinshasa. During the 1976 Zaire Ebola virus outbreak, the village had no running water or electricity. The village had a hospital but no radio, phone, or ambulances, and communication was by motorbike messenger. See also * Western African Ebola virus epidemic * Zaire ebolavirus References {{DRC-geo-stub Populated places in Mongala Ebola ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emerging Infectious Disease
An emerging infectious disease (EID) refer to infectious diseases that have either newly appeared in a population or have existed but are rapidly increasing in incidence, geographic range, or severity due to factors such as environmental changes, antimicrobial resistance, and human-animal interactions. The minority that are capable of developing Virulence, efficient transmission between humans can become major Public health, public and Global health, global concerns as potential causes of epidemics or pandemics. Their many impacts can be economic and societal, as well as clinical. EIDs have been increasing steadily since at least 1940. For every decade since 1940, there has been a consistent increase in the number of EID events from wildlife-related zoonosis. Human activity is the primary driver of this increase, with loss of biodiversity a leading mechanism. Emerging infections account for at least 12% of all human pathogens. EIDs can be caused by newly identified microbes, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Vaccine Program Office
The National Vaccine Program Office (NVPO) is an office of the United States Department of Health and Human Services The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is a cabinet-level executive branch department of the US federal government created to protect the health of the US people and providing essential human services. Its motto is ... that plays a role in the coordination of vaccine policy. It was established by the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act. On October 24, 2020, the ''New York Times'' asserted that the Trump administration essentially eliminated the role of the program when it closed the office in 2019. NVPO's former Chair, Daniel Salmon, went on to direct the Institute for Vaccine Safety at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. References External links National Vaccine Program Vaccination-related organizations based in the United States Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health {{US-health-org-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mosquito Net
A mosquito net is a type of meshed curtain or cloth that is circumferentially draped over a bed or a sleeping area to offer the sleeper barrier protection against bites and stings from mosquitos, flies, and other pest insects, and thus against the diseases they may carry. Examples of such preventable insect-borne diseases include malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, zika virus, Chagas disease, and various forms of encephalitis, including the West Nile virus. To be effective, the mesh of a mosquito net must be fine enough to exclude such insects without obscuring visibility or ventilation to unacceptable levels. The netting should be made of stiff cotton or synthetic thread to allow the movement of air. A white net allows the user to see mosquitoes against the background. Netting with 285 holes per square inch is ideal because it is very breathable but will prevent even the smallest mosquito from entering. It is possible to increase the effectiveness of a mosquito net ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antimalarial Medication
Antimalarial medications or simply antimalarials are a type of antiparasitic chemical agent, often natural product, naturally derived, that can be used to treat or to prevent malaria, in the latter case, most often aiming at two susceptible target groups, young children and pregnant women. As of 2018, modern treatments, including for severe malaria, continued to depend on therapies deriving historically from quinine and artesunate, both parenteral (injectable) drugs, expanding from there into the many classes of available modern drugs. Incidence and distribution of the disease ("malaria burden") is expected to remain high, globally, for many years to come; moreover, known antimalarial drugs have repeatedly been observed to elicit resistance in the malaria parasite—including for combination therapies featuring artemisinin, a drug of last resort, where resistance has now been observed in Southeast Asia. As such, the needs for new antimalarial agents and new strategies of treatment ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pregnancy-associated Malaria
Pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM) or placental malaria is a presentation of malaria in pregnancy which is life-threatening to both pregnant women and unborn fetuses. * PAM occurs when a pregnant woman contracts malaria, generally as a result of ''Plasmodium falciparum'' infection, and because she is pregnant, is at greater risk of associated complications such as placental malaria''.'' Placental malaria interferes with the transmission of vital substances through the fetal placenta, which can result in stillbirths, miscarriages, and dangerously low birth weights''.'' * Prevention and treatment of malaria are essential components of prenatal care in tropical and subtropical geographic areas affected by malaria, and thus has received much international attention. Signs and symptoms Symptoms of malaria include malaise, headaches, fatigue, fever, muscle aches, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. More severe cases may present with seizures and even coma. Women affected by PAM that h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mpox
Mpox (, ; formerly known as monkeypox) is an infectious viral disease that can occur in humans and other animals. Symptoms include a rash that forms blisters and then crusts over, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. The illness is usually mild, and most infected individuals recover within a few weeks without treatment. The time from exposure to the onset of symptoms ranges from three to seventeen days, and symptoms typically last from two to four weeks. However, cases may be severe, especially in children, pregnant women, or people with suppressed immune systems. The disease is caused by the monkeypox virus, a zoonotic virus in the genus '' Orthopoxvirus''. The variola virus, which causes smallpox, is also in this genus. Human-to-human transmission can occur through direct contact with infected skin or body fluids, including sexual contact. People remain infectious from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and healed. The virus may spread from infected a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1976 Zaire Ebola Virus Outbreak
In August–November 1976, an outbreak of Ebola virus disease occurred in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo). The first recorded case was from Yambuku, a small village in Mongala District, northeast of the capital city of Kinshasa. The virus responsible for the initial outbreak, named after the nearby Ebola River, was first thought to be Marburg virus but was later identified as a new type of virus related to the genus ''Marburgvirus''. A total of 318 cases and 280 deaths (an 88% fatality rate) resulted from this outbreak, which, along with an outbreak in South Sudan that had begun a few weeks previously, were the first outbreaks of Ebola ever recorded. History The people of north-central Zaire were most heavily affected by this specific epidemic. This area is located within the Bumba Territory, Bumba Zone in the Équateur (former province), Equator Region, which consists mostly of tropical rainforests in the biome. In 1976, there were approximately 275,000 peop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ebola
Ebola, also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates, caused by ebolaviruses. Symptoms typically start anywhere between two days and three weeks after infection. The first symptoms are usually fever, sore throat, muscle pain, and headaches. These are usually followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash and decreased liver and kidney function, at which point some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. It kills between 25% and 90% of those infected – about 50% on average. Death is often due to shock from fluid loss, and typically occurs between 6 and 16 days after the first symptoms appear. Early treatment of symptoms increases the survival rate considerably compared to late start.Ebola in Uganda: An Ebola vaccine was approved by the US FDA in December 2019. The virus spreads through direct contact with body fluids, such as blood from infected humans or other animals, o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zaire
Zaire, officially the Republic of Zaire, was the name of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1971 to 18 May 1997. Located in Central Africa, it was, by area, the third-largest country in Africa after Sudan and Algeria, and the 11th-largest country in the world from 1965 to 1991. With a population of over 23 million, Zaire was the most populous Francophone country in Africa. Zaire was strategically important to the West during the Cold War, particularly the U.S., as a counterbalance to Soviet influence in Africa. The U.S. and its allies supported the Mobutu regime (1965–1997) with military and economic aid to prevent the spread of communism. The country was a one-party totalitarian military dictatorship, run by Mobutu Sese Seko and his Popular Movement of the Revolution. Zaire was established following Mobutu's seizure of power in a military coup in 1965, after five years of political upheaval following independence from Belgium known as the Congo Crisis. Zaire ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boston City Hospital
The Boston City Hospital (1864–1996), in Boston, Massachusetts, was a public hospital located in the South End. It was "intended for the use and comfort of poor patients, to whom medical care will be provided at the expense of the city, and ... to provide accommodations and medical treatment to others, who do not wish to be regarded as dependent on public charity."Boston Directory (1864) In 1996, it merged with the Boston University Medical Center Hospital to form the Boston Medical Center. This building is under study for Boston Landmark status by the Boston Landmarks Commission. History In the mid-19th century, "the hospital was suggested ..by Elisha Goodnow, who, by his will, dated July 12, 1849, gave property to the city valued at $25,000, for establishment of a free city hospital in Wards Eleven or Twelve." Architect Gridley James Fox Bryant designed the first hospital, built 1861–1864 on Harrison Avenue in the South End. It was renovated in 1875 and again i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infectious Diseases (medical Specialty)
Infectious diseases (ID), also known as infectiology, is a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of infections. An infectious diseases specialist's practice consists of managing nosocomial ( healthcare-acquired) infections or community-acquired infections. An ID specialist investigates and determines the cause of a disease (bacteria, virus, parasite, fungus or prions). Once the cause is known, an ID specialist can then run various tests to determine the best drug to treat the disease. While infectious diseases have always been around, the infectious disease specialty did not exist until the late 1900s after scientists and physicians in the 19th century paved the way with research on the sources of infectious disease and the development of vaccines. Scope Infectious diseases specialists typically serve as consultants to other physicians in cases of complex infections, and often manage patients with HIV/AIDS and other forms of immunodeficiency. Although many c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
