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Jewish Councils In Hungary
Jewish councils or ''Judenräte'' ( hu, zsidó tanácsok) were administrative bodies in Hungary, which were established following the German invasion of Hungary on 19 March 1944. Similarly elsewhere in German-occupied Europe during World War II, these councils purported to represent local Jewish communities in dealings with the Nazi authorities. The Jewish Council of Budapest, under various names, was established already on the day after the occupation under the leadership of Samu Stern. It had national jurisdiction in principle and tried to maintain contact with the councils created in rural settlements. Outside Budapest, however, local Jewish councils existed for only days or weeks, because the full-scale deportation of the Jews in countryside began almost immediately, wiping out entire communities by the beginning of the summer. A significant part of Budapest's Jews avoided this fate. Following the Arrow Cross Party's takeover in October 1944, the Budapest Ghetto was establish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Judenrat
A ''Judenrat'' (, "Jewish council") was a World War II administrative agency imposed by Nazi Germany on Jewish communities across occupied Europe, principally within the Nazi ghettos. The Germans required Jews to form a ''Judenrat'' in every community across the occupied territories. The ''Judenrat'' constituted a form of self-enforcing intermediary, used by the Nazi administration to control larger Jewish communities. In some ghettos, such as the Łódź Ghetto, and in Theresienstadt, the Germans called the councils "Jewish Council of Elders" (''Jüdischer Ältestenrat'' or ''Ältestenrat der Juden''). Jewish communities themselves had established councils for self-government as early as the Middle Ages. The Jewish community used the Hebrew term ''Kahal'' (קהל) or ''Kehillah'' (קהילה), whereas the German authorities generally used the term ''Judenräte''. The Judenräte are notorious today for their collaboration with the Nazi regime, almost always under extrem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upper Hungary
Upper Hungary is the usual English translation of ''Felvidék'' (literally: "Upland"), the Hungarian term for the area that was historically the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, now mostly present-day Slovakia. The region has also been called ''Felső-Magyarország'' (literally: "Upper Hungary"; sk, Horné Uhorsko). During the Habsburg–Ottoman wars, Upper Hungary meant only the northeastern parts of the Hungarian Kingdom. The northwestern regions (present-day western and central Slovakia) belonged to ''Lower Hungary''. Sometime during the 18th or 19th century, Upper Hungary began to imply the whole northern regions of the kingdom. The population of Upper Hungary was mixed and mainly consisted of Slovaks, Hungarians, Germans, Ashkenazi Jews and Ruthenians. The first complex demographic data are from the 18th century, in which Slovaks constituted the majority population in Upper Hungary. Slovaks called this territory "''Slovensko''" (Slovakia), which term appears in w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buda
Buda (; german: Ofen, sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Budim, Будим, Czech and sk, Budín, tr, Budin) was the historic capital of the Kingdom of Hungary and since 1873 has been the western part of the Hungarian capital Budapest, on the west bank of the Danube. Buda comprises a third of Budapest's total territory and is mostly wooded. Landmarks include Buda Castle, the Citadella, and the president of Hungary's residence, Sándor Palace. Etymology According to a legend recorded in chronicles from the Middle Ages, the name "Buda" comes from the name of Bleda ( hu, Buda), brother of Hunnic ruler Attila. Demographics The Buda fortress and palace were built by King Béla IV of Hungary in 1247, and were the nucleus around which the town of Buda was built, which soon gained great importance, and became in 1361 the capital of Hungary. While Pest was mostly Hungarian in the 15th century, Buda had a German majority; however according to the Hungarian Royal Treas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HQ And Residential Home Of The Budapest's Jewish Community
HQ may refer to: * Headquarters * High quality (other) Games * ''HQ'' (video game), a live trivia game app * ''HeroQuest'' (role-playing game) * ''Chase H.Q.'', an arcade racing game Businesses and utilities * HQ an imprint of HarperCollins * HQ Bank, a Swedish investment bank * Home Quarters Warehouse, a defunct retail chain * Harmony Airways' IATA airline designator * Thomas Cook Airlines Belgium's defunct IATA airline code Other uses * ''HQ'' (album), a 1975 album by Roy Harper * HAVE QUICK, a frequency-hopping system used to protect military UHF radio traffic * Geely HQ (Haoqing), a car model * Holden HQ, a range of car models * Twickenham Stadium or HQ, a rugby union stadium in London, England * Howland Island Howland Island () is an uninhabited coral island located just north of the equator in the central Pacific Ocean, about southwest of Honolulu. The island lies almost halfway between Hawaii and Australia and is an unorganized, unincorporated terr ...< ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vojvodina
Vojvodina ( sr-Cyrl, Војводина}), officially the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, is an autonomous province that occupies the northernmost part of Serbia. It lies within the Pannonian Basin, bordered to the south by the national capital Belgrade and the Sava and Danube Rivers. The administrative center, Novi Sad, is the second-largest city in Serbia. The historic regions of Banat, Bačka, and Syrmia overlap the province. Modern Vojvodina is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, with some 26 ethnic groups and six official languages. About two million people, nearly 27% of Serbia's population, live in the province. Naming ''Vojvodina'' is also the Serbian word for voivodeship, a type of duchy overseen by a voivode. The Serbian Voivodeship, a precursor to modern Vojvodina, was an Austrian province from 1849 to 1860. Its official name is the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. Its name in the province's six official languages is: * Croatian: ''Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina'' * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Délvidék
''Délvidék'' (, "southern land" or "southern territories") is a historical political term referring to varying areas in the southern part of what was the Kingdom of Hungary. In present-day usage, it often refers to the Vojvodina region of Serbia. In the Middle Ages, like the names ''Alvidék'' ("lower land") and ''Végvidék'' ("borderland"), ''Délvidék'' referred to the Hungarian counties ( Verőce, Pozsega, Szerém, Bács, Torontál, Temes, Keve) and vassal banates ( Macsó, Ózora, Só, Szörény) beyond the Danube and the Sava. By the 18th and 19th centuries, ''Délvidék'' referred only to Bácska and Banat. After the 1920 dismemberment of Hungary, the meaning was further narrowed to only those areas of the former Kingdom of Hungary attached to the newly formed Yugoslav state. In the Second World War, the Yugoslav areas occupied and annexed by Hungary (Bačka, part of Baranja, Međimurje, and Prekmurje) were in some Hungarian sources called ''"az anyaországho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Status Quo Ante (Hungary)
"Status Quo" or "Status Quo Ante" is a term applied to certain Jewish communities in the Kingdom of Hungary and, later, the region of Northern Transylvania of Romania (held by Hungary between 1940 and 1945) after the Hungarian General Jewish Congress of 1868–69. Specifically, the term references communities which, after the schism, opted to join neither the Neologist organization (the "National Jewish Bureau", in the original Hungarian "Az Izraeliták Országos Irodája") – nor the Orthodox communities (organized under what, in 1871, became recognized by the government as the "Orthodox Executive Committee") – and instead decided to retain their previous status(es). They remained without a collective organization or a formally recognized central organization until 1927–28. The term was first used in a newspaper column on 22 February 1871. Several temples in the region came do be known as Status Quo Ante Synagogue after the schism. See also * Schism in Hungarian Jewry T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jewish Denominations
Jewish religious movements, sometimes called " denominations", include different groups within Judaism which have developed among Jews from ancient times. Today, the most prominent divisions are between traditionalist Orthodox movements (including Haredi and Religious Zionist () sects); modernist movements such as Conservative, Masorti and Reform Judaism; and secular or Jews. The movements differ in their views on various issues. These issues include the level of observance, the methodology for interpreting and understanding Jewish law, biblical authorship, textual criticism, and the nature or role of the messiah (or messianic age). Across these movements, there are marked differences in liturgy, especially in the language in which services are conducted, with the more traditional movements emphasizing Hebrew. The sharpest theological division occurs between Orthodox and non-Orthodox Jews who adhere to other denominations, such that the non-Orthodox movements are sometimes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schism In Hungarian Jewry
The Schism in Hungarian Jewry ( hu, ortodox–neológ szakadás, "Orthodox-Neolog Schism"; yi, די טיילונג אין אונגארן, trans. ''Die Teilung in Ungarn'', "The Division in Hungary") was the institutional division of the Jewish community in the Kingdom of Hungary between 1869 and 1871, following a failed attempt to establish a national, united representative organization. The founding congress of the new body was held during an ongoing conflict between the traditionalist Orthodox party and its modernist Neolog rivals, which had been raging for decades. The traditionalists, fearing their opponents would dominate the new body, seceded and then lobbied the government to allow the formation of an independent Orthodox supracommunal organization with a policy of strict separation from the Neologs. When faced with the need to choose between the two, a third faction of "Status Quo" congregations emerged, refusing to join either and remaining fully autonomous, without a hi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orthodox Judaism
Orthodox Judaism is the collective term for the traditionalist and theologically conservative branches of contemporary Judaism. Theologically, it is chiefly defined by regarding the Torah, both Written and Oral, as revealed by God to Moses on Mount Sinai and faithfully transmitted ever since. Orthodox Judaism, therefore, advocates a strict observance of Jewish law, or '' halakha'', which is to be interpreted and determined exclusively according to traditional methods and in adherence to the continuum of received precedent through the ages. It regards the entire ''halakhic'' system as ultimately grounded in immutable revelation, and beyond external influence. Key practices are observing the Sabbath, eating kosher, and Torah study. Key doctrines include a future Messiah who will restore Jewish practice by building the temple in Jerusalem and gathering all the Jews to Israel, belief in a future bodily resurrection of the dead, divine reward and punishment for the righteo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neolog Judaism
Neologs ( hu, neológ irányzat, "Neolog faction") are one of the two large communal organizations among Hungarian Jewry. Socially, the liberal and modernist Neologs had been more inclined toward integration into Hungarian society since the Era of Emancipation in the 19th century. This was their main feature, and they were largely the representative body of urban, assimilated middle- and upper-class Jews. Religiously, the Neolog rabbinate was influenced primarily by Zecharias Frankel's Positive-Historical School, from which Conservative Judaism evolved as well, although the formal rabbinical leadership had little sway over the largely assimilationist communal establishment and congregants. Their rift with the traditionalist and conservative Orthodox Jews was institutionalized following the 1868–1869 Hungarian Jewish Congress, and they became a ''de facto'' separate denomination. The Neologs remained organizationally independent in those territories ceded under the terms of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Jugoslavija, Југославија ; sl, Jugoslavija ; mk, Југославија ;; rup, Iugoslavia; hu, Jugoszlávia; rue, label= Pannonian Rusyn, Югославия, translit=Juhoslavija; sk, Juhoslávia; ro, Iugoslavia; cs, Jugoslávie; it, Iugoslavia; tr, Yugoslavya; bg, Югославия, Yugoslaviya ) was a country in Southeast Europe and Central Europe for most of the 20th century. It came into existence after World War I in 1918 under the name of the '' Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes'' by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (which was formed from territories of the former Austria-Hungary) with the Kingdom of Serbia, and constituted the first union of the South Slavic people as a sovereign state, following centuries in which the region had been part of the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary. Peter I of Serbia was its first sovereign. The kingdom gained international ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
