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Japanese Labor Unions
Labour unions emerged in Japan in the second half of the Meiji period, after 1890, as the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization.Nimura, K''The Formation of Japanese Labor Movement: 1868-1914''(Translated by Terry Boardman). Retrieved 11 June 2011 Until 1945, however, the labour movement remained weak, impeded by a lack of legal rights,Cross CurrentsLabor unions in Japan.CULCON. Retrieved 11 June 2011 anti-union legislation, management-organized factory councils, and political divisions between “cooperative” and radical unionists.Weathers, C. (2009). Business and Labor. In William M. Tsutsui, ed., ''A Companion to Japanese History'' (2009) pp. 493-510. In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the Occupation of Japan, U.S. Occupation authorities initially encouraged the formation of independent unions, but reversed course as part of broader anti-Communist measures. The legislation was passed that enshrined the right to organize, and membership rapidly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RENGO
Rengo is a city and commune located in the Zona Central of Chile, situated in the Cachapoal Province of the O'Higgins Region at a distance of south of the city of Rancagua and south of the national capital Santiago. It was named after the courageous Toqui Rengo for his particular bravery at the Battle of Lagunillas. Demographics According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Rengo spans an area of and has 50,830 inhabitants (25,311 men and 25,519 women). Of these, 37,075 (72.9%) lived in urban areas and 13,755 (27.1%) in rural areas. The population grew by 16.5% (7,213 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. Administration As a commune, Rengo is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Rengo is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Felipe Letelier ( PPD) and Ricardo Rincón ( PDC) as part of the 3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ashio Copper Mine Circa 1895
was a town located in Kamitsuga District, Tochigi, Japan. As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,465 and a density of 18.65 persons per km2. The total area was 185.79 km2. On March 20, 2006, Ashio, along with the city of Imaichi, the town of Fujihara, and the village of Kuriyama (both from Shioya District), was merged into the expanded city of Nikkō. The Ashio Copper Mine was located in Ashio. This copper mine caused a major pollution problem in Japan at the beginning of the 20th century. Subsequent environmental problems related to the mine are still evident along the river, in Tochigi, Gunma and Ibaraki Prefectures. In 1907 the Ashio miners rioted. During World War II a POW camp was based here to supply slave labour to the copper mines. The following communities agreed to seek the permission of the governor of the prefecture to merge on March 1, 2006: * Nikkō * Imaichi * Ashio * Fujihara * Kuriyama References * Nimura Kazuo. (1997) ''The Ash ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yūaikai
The Yūaikai (友愛会, literally ''Fraternity Association''), or the Friendly Society, was a pioneering Japanese labor organization founded by Suzuki Bunji in 1912. Established during a period of industrial growth and social change in the Taishō period, Taishō era, the Yūaikai grew from a small Mutual aid, mutual-aid group of fifteen members into Japan's first national labor federation, with 30,000 members by 1919. It was the forerunner of the Japan General Federation of Labor (Sōdōmei), which became the dominant force in the pre-war Japanese labor movement. Initially conceived as a moderate, reformist organization, the Yūaikai sought to improve workers' lives through education, mutual aid, and the promotion of harmony between labor and capital. Its early philosophy was shaped by Suzuki's Christian humanism, Christian humanitarianism and the ideas of social reformers from the Social Policy Association. However, the organization's trajectory was profoundly altered by the so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ashio, Tochigi
was a town located in Kamitsuga District, Tochigi, Japan. As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 3,465 and a density of 18.65 persons per km2. The total area was 185.79 km2. On March 20, 2006, Ashio, along with the city of Imaichi, the town of Fujihara, and the village of Kuriyama (both from Shioya District), was merged into the expanded city of Nikkō. The Ashio Copper Mine was located in Ashio. This copper mine caused a major pollution problem in Japan at the beginning of the 20th century. Subsequent environmental problems related to the mine are still evident along the river, in Tochigi, Gunma and Ibaraki Prefectures. In 1907 the Ashio miners rioted. During World War II a POW camp was based here to supply slave labour to the copper mines. The following communities agreed to seek the permission of the governor of the prefecture to merge on March 1, 2006: * Nikkō * Imaichi * Ashio * Fujihara * Kuriyama References * Nimura Kazuo. (1997) ''The Ash ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yokohama
is the List of cities in Japan, second-largest city in Japan by population as well as by area, and the country's most populous Municipalities of Japan, municipality. It is the capital and most populous city in Kanagawa Prefecture, with a population of 3.7 million in 2023. It lies on Tokyo Bay, south of Tokyo, in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshu. Yokohama is also the major economic, cultural, and commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area along the Keihin region, Keihin Industrial Zone. Yokohama was one of the cities to open for trade with the Western world, West following the 1859 end of the Sakoku, policy of seclusion and has since been known as a cosmopolitan port city, after Kobe opened in 1853. Yokohama is the home of many Japan's firsts in the Meiji (era), Meiji period, including the first foreign trading port and Chinatown (1859), European-style sport venues (1860s), English-language newspaper (1861), confectionery and beer manufacturing (1865), daily newspap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tokyo
Tokyo, officially the Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan, capital and List of cities in Japan, most populous city in Japan. With a population of over 14 million in the city proper in 2023, it is List of largest cities, one of the most populous urban areas in the world. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes Tokyo and parts of six neighboring Prefectures of Japan, prefectures, is the most populous metropolitan area in the world, with 41 million residents . Lying at the head of Tokyo Bay, Tokyo is part of the Kantō region, on the central coast of Honshu, Japan's largest island. It is Japan's economic center and the seat of the Government of Japan, Japanese government and the Emperor of Japan. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government administers Tokyo's central Special wards of Tokyo, 23 special wards, which formerly made up Tokyo City; various commuter towns and suburbs in Western Tokyo, its western area; and two outlying island chains, the Tokyo Islands. Although most of the w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nippon Railway
was the first private railway company in the history of Japan. The company built trunk lines connecting Tokyo with the Tōhoku region to the northeast. Most of its lines came under the control of Japanese Government Railways following nationalization in 1906, and many are now operated by East Japan Railway Company. Outline The company was incorporated in 1881 as the first privately funded railway company in Japan, where the railways had been built only by the imperial government since early 1870s. If, however, the definition of "railway" includes horsecars, Nippon Railway is behind Tokyo Bashatetsudō, established in 1880 as the first private railway in Japan. Major investors to the company were kazoku, led by the highest-class court noble Iwakura Tomomi. The company, incorporated to help expansion of national railway network in line with the national policy, received strong support from the government, both technically and financially. The first of the railway, between Ueno St ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wage Labour
Wage labour (also wage labor in American English), usually referred to as paid work, paid employment, or paid labour, refers to the socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer in which the worker sells their labour power under a formal or informal employment contract. These transactions usually occur in a labour market where wages or salaries are market-determined. In exchange for the money paid as wages (usual for short-term work-contracts) or salaries (in permanent employment contracts), the work product generally becomes the undifferentiated property of the employer. A wage labourer is a person whose primary means of income is from the selling of their labour in this way. Characteristics In modern mixed economies such as those of the OECD countries, it is the most common form of work arrangement. Although most labour is organised as per this structure, the wage work arrangements of CEOs, professional employees, and professional contract workers are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feudal Japan Hierarchy
Edo society refers to the society of Japan under the rule of the Tokugawa Shogunate during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. Edo society was a feudal society with strict social stratification, customs, and regulations intended to promote political stability. The Emperor of Japan and the were the official ruling class of Japan but had no power. The of the Tokugawa clan, the , and their retainers of the samurai class administered Japan through their system of domains. The majority of Edo society were commoners divided into peasant, craftsmen, and merchant classes, and various " untouchable" or Burakumin groups. The Tokugawa shogunate ruled by dividing the people into four main categories. Older scholars believed that there were of "samurai, peasants (''hyakushō''), craftsmen, and merchants" (''chōnin'') under the daimyo, with 80% of peasants under the 5% samurai class, followed by craftsmen and merchants. However, various studies have revealed since about 1995 that the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capitalist Economy
Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their use for the purpose of obtaining profit. This socioeconomic system has developed historically through several stages and is defined by a number of basic constituent elements: private property, profit motive, capital accumulation, competitive markets, commodification, wage labor, and an emphasis on innovation and economic growth. Capitalist economies tend to experience a business cycle of economic growth followed by recessions. Economists, historians, political economists, and sociologists have adopted different perspectives in their analyses of capitalism and have recognized various forms of it in practice. These include ''laissez-faire'' or free-market capitalism, state capitalism, and welfare capitalism. Different forms of capitalism feature varying degrees of free markets, public ownership, obstacles to free competition, and state-sanctioned social policies. The degre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Industrialization
Industrialisation (British English, UK) American and British English spelling differences, or industrialization (American English, US) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society. This involves an extensive reorganisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. Industrialisation is associated with increase of Pollution, polluting industries heavily dependent on fossil fuels. With the increasing focus on sustainable development and green industrial policy practices, industrialisation increasingly includes Leapfrogging, technological leapfrogging, with direct investment in more advanced, cleaner technologies. The reorganisation of the economy has many unintended consequences both economically and socially. As industrial workers' incomes rise, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tend to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial investment and economic growth. Moreo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Riot
A riot or mob violence is a form of civil disorder commonly characterized by a group lashing out in a violent public disturbance against authority, property, or people. Riots typically involve destruction of property, public or private. The property targeted varies depending on the riot and the inclinations of those involved. Targets can include Shopping mall, shops, cars, restaurants, state-owned institutions, and religious buildings. Riots often occur in reaction to a grievance or out of dissent. Historically, riots have occurred due to poverty, unemployment, poor quality of life, living conditions, governmental oppression, taxation or conscription, conflicts between ethnic groups (race riot) or religions (e.g., sectarian violence, pogrom), the outcome of a sporting event (e.g., sports riot, football hooliganism) or frustration with legal channels through which to air grievances. While individuals may attempt to lead or control a riot, riots typically consist of disorganize ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
