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Jangshung Language
Jangshung is an underdocumented Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh, India. Most Jangshung speakers reside in the villages of Jangi, Lippa and Asrang. They belong to the upper caste, while the lower castes in the same villages speak Shumcho, a related but distinct language of the Kinnauric branch. Jangshung is closely related to its larger neighbor Kinnauri and sometimes considered one of its dialects. Like most language varieties of Himachal Pradesh, Jangshung was occasionally written in the traditional Takri script, but it has largely fallen out of use in the 20th century. Today, it is mostly a spoken language. Most Jangshung speakers are multilingual and typically use Hindi Modern Standard Hindi (, ), commonly referred to as Hindi, is the Standard language, standardised variety of the Hindustani language written in the Devanagari script. It is an official language of India, official language of the Government ... and English in writi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh (; Sanskrit: ''himācāl prādes;'' "Snow-laden Mountain Province") is a States and union territories of India, state in the northern part of India. Situated in the Western Himalayas, it is one of the thirteen Indian Himalayan Region, mountain states and is characterised by an extreme landscape featuring List of mountain peaks of Himachal Pradesh, several peaks and extensive river systems. Himachal Pradesh is the northernmost state of India and shares borders with the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh to the north, and the states of Punjab (India), Punjab to the west, Haryana to the southwest, Uttarakhand to the southeast and a very narrow border with Uttar Pradesh to the south. The state also shares an international border to the east with the Tibet Autonomous Region in China. Himachal Pradesh is also known as ''Dev Bhoomi'', meaning 'Land of Gods' and ''Veer Bhoomi'' which means 'Land of the Brave'. The pre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bodic Languages
The Tibeto-Kanauri languages, also called Bodic, Bodish–Himalayish, and Western Tibeto-Burman, are a proposed intermediate level of classification of the Sino-Tibetan languages, centered on the Tibetic languages and the Kinnauri dialect cluster. The conception of the relationship, or if it is even a valid group, varies between researchers. Conceptions of Tibeto-Kanauri Benedict (1972) originally posited the Tibeto-Kanauri Bodish–Himalayish relationship, but had a more expansive conception of Himalayish than generally found today, including Qiangic, Magaric, and Lepcha. Within Benedict's conception, Tibeto-Kanauri is one of seven linguistic nuclei, or centers of gravity along a spectrum, within Tibeto-Burman languages. The center-most nucleus identified by Benedict is the Jingpho language (including perhaps the Kachin–Luic and Tamangic languages); other peripheral nuclei besides Tibeto-Kanauri include the Kiranti languages (Bahing–Vayu and perhaps the Newar langua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
West Himalayish Languages
The West Himalayish languages, also known as Almora and Kanauric, are a family of Sino-Tibetan languages centered in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and across the border into Nepal. LaPolla (2003) proposes that the West Himalayish languages may be part of a larger "Rung languages, Rung" group. Languages The languages include: *West Himalayish **Kinnauri ***Chitkuli Kinnauri language, Chitkuli Kinnauri ***Kinnauri language, Kinnauri ***Thebor ****Sunam language, Sunam ****Jangshung language, Jangshung ****Shumcho language, Shumcho **Lahaulic ***Pattani language, Pattani (Manchad) ***Tinan language, Tinan **Gahri language, Gahri (Bunan) **Kanashi language, Kanashi **Rongpo–Almora ***Rongpo language, Rongpo ****Rongpo language#Marcha, Marcha ****Rongpo language#Tolcha, Tolcha (extinct since the 1950s) ***Almora (Ranglo) ****Darmiya language, Darmiya ****Byangsi language, Byangsi ****Dhuleli language, Dhuleli ****Chaudangsi language, Chaudangsi ****Rangas language, Rangas (extinct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kinnauri Language
Kinnauri is the most widely used language in Kinnaur. The languages have seen different nomenclatures in written literature. Kinnauri was mentioned as Kunawaree (Gerard 1842, Cunninham 1844), Kanauri (Konow 1905), Kanawari (Bailey 1909) and Kunawari (Grierson 1909). It is the language of the upper castes in lower Kinnaur. It is also spoken in Moorang tehsil and, Ropa and Giabong villages in upper Kinnaur. It is a Sino-Tibetan dialect cluster centered on the Kinnaur district of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. Kaike, once thought to be Kinnauri, is closer to Tamangic. Bhoti Kinnauri and Tukpa (locally called Chhoyuli) are Bodish ( Lahauli–Spiti). Linguistic varieties and geographical distribution Kinnaur has nearly ten linguistic varieties, with Kinnauri being the major language. ''Ethnologue'' lists the following locations for Kinnauri proper and related languages. '' Kinnauri'' is spoken in the villages from Badhal Rampur Bushahr to Sangla and north along ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sino-Tibetan Languages
Sino-Tibetan (also referred to as Trans-Himalayan) is a family of more than 400 languages, second only to Indo-European in number of native speakers. Around 1.4 billion people speak a Sino-Tibetan language. The vast majority of these are the 1.3 billion native speakers of Sinitic languages. Other Sino-Tibetan languages with large numbers of speakers include Burmese (33 million) and the Tibetic languages (6 million). Four United Nations member states (China, Singapore, Myanmar, and Bhutan) have a Sino-Tibetan language as a main native language. Other languages of the family are spoken in the Himalayas, the Southeast Asian Massif, and the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Most of these have small speech communities in remote mountain areas, and as such are poorly documented. Several low-level subgroups have been securely reconstructed, but reconstruction of a proto-language for the family as a whole is still at an early stage, so the higher-level structure of Sino-Tibetan re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kinnaur District
Kinnaur district () is a mountainous district located in the northeast part of the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. Kinnaur district borders Tibet (China) to the east, the state of Uttarakhand to the south, Shimla district to the southwest, Kullu district to the west, and Lahaul and Spiti district to the north. The administrative headquarters of the district is at Reckong Peo. History Over the 10th-11th centuries A.D., Kinnaur was a part of the Guge kingdom. The Guge kingdom broke apart in the 12th century, and the Bushahr state arose in the Western Himalayas, taking over most parts of present-day Kinnaur. The Bushahr state originated in the Kamru village of Sangla valley. However, the uppermost part of Kinnaur remained under Tibetan influence until the late 17th century, when it was handed over to the Bushahr state by the Tibetans as a reward for assistance in the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War. The Bushahr state shifted its capital to Sarahan, and later still to Rampur, wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
India
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since 2023; and, since its independence in 1947, the world's most populous democracy. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is near Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia. Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago., "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. ... Coalescence dates for most non-European populations averag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shumcho Language
Shumcho is an underdocumented Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh, India. Shumcho speakers make up a majority of the population in the villages of Kanam, Labrang, Spillo, Shyaso, Rushkalang and Taling. They also reside in the mixed villages of Sunnam, Jangi, Lippa and Asrang where they belong to the lower Scheduled Caste. Upper-caste Scheduled Tribe dwellers of the same villages speak related but distinct languages, Sunam Sunam is a town and a tehsil, near city of Sangrur iSangrur districtin the Indian state of Punjab. The Railway Station of Sunam was renamed as Sunam Udham Singh Wala. History Sunam is listed in the Ain-i-Akbari as a pargana under the sarkar ... and Jangshung. References Bibliography * * * * * {{Bodic languages Languages of Himachal Pradesh Kinnaur district Endangered languages of India West Himalayish languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austrian Academy Of Sciences
The Austrian Academy of Sciences (; ÖAW) is a legal entity under the special protection of the Republic of Austria. According to the statutes of the Academy its mission is to promote the sciences and humanities in every respect and in every field, particularly in fundamental research. History In 1713, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz suggested to establish an Academy, inspired by the Royal Society and the French Academy of Sciences. The "Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien" was finally established by Imperial Patent on 14 May 1847. The academy soon began extensive research. In the humanities the academy started with researching and publishing important historical sources of Austria. Research in natural science also covered a wide variety of topics. The 1921 federal law guaranteed the legal basis of the academy in the newly founded First Austrian Republic. From the mid-1960s onwards it became the country's leading institution in the field of non-university basic research. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dialect
A dialect is a Variety (linguistics), variety of language spoken by a particular group of people. This may include dominant and standard language, standardized varieties as well as Vernacular language, vernacular, unwritten, or non-standardized varieties, such as those used in developing countries or isolated areas. The non-standard dialects of a language with a writing system will operate at different degrees of distance from the standardized written form. Standard and nonstandard dialects A ''standard dialect'', also known as a "standardized language", is supported by institutions. Such institutional support may include any or all of the following: government recognition or designation; formal presentation in schooling as the "correct" form of a language; informal monitoring of everyday Usage (language), usage; published grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks that set forth a normative spoken and written form; and an extensive formal literature (be it prose, poetry, non-ficti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Takri Script
The Tākri script (Takri ( Chamba): ; Takri (Jammu/Dogra): ; sometimes called Tankri ) is an abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts. It is derived from the Sharada script formerly employed for Kashmiri. It is the sister script of Laṇḍā scripts. It has another variant Dogra Takri (also known as Dogra Akkhar) employed in Jammu region. There are numerous varieties present throughout Himachal Pradesh. Until the late 1940s, the adapted version of the script (called Dogri, Dogra or Dogra Akkhar) was the official script for writing Punjabi in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. Throughout the history, different kingdoms of what now forms Himachal Pradesh used their own variety to maintain their records. The Takri script used in Sirmour in Himachal Pradesh and in the adjacent region of Jaunsar-Bawar in Uttarakhand has some distinction. History The Takri alphabet developed through the ''Devāśeṣa'' stage of the Sharada script from the 14th-18th cent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hindi Language
Modern Standard Hindi (, ), commonly referred to as Hindi, is the standardised variety of the Hindustani language written in the Devanagari script. It is an official language of the Government of India, alongside English, and is the ''lingua franca'' of North India. Hindi is considered a Sanskritised register of Hindustani. Hindustani itself developed from Old Hindi and was spoken in Delhi and neighbouring areas. It incorporated a significant number of Persian loanwords. Hindi is an official language in twelve states (Bihar, Gujarat , Mizoram , Maharashtra , Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand), and six union territories (Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Delhi, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu , Ladakh and Jammu and Kashmir) and an additional official language in the state of West Bengal. Hindi is also one of the 22 scheduled languages of the Republic of India. Hindi i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
