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Institute For Historical Review
The Institute for Historical Review (IHR) is a United States–based nonprofit organization that promotes Holocaust denial. It is considered by many scholars to be central to the international Holocaust denial movement. Self-described as a "historical revisionist" organization, the IHR promotes antisemitism, antisemitic viewpoints and has links to several Neo-Nazism, neo-Nazi and neo-fascist organizations. The group was founded in 1978 in Torrance, California, Torrance, California, by David McCalden and Willis Carto, and is headquartered in Fountain Valley, California, Fountain Valley, California. It published the ''Journal of Historical Review'' until 2002, but now disseminates its materials through its website and via email. The parent corporation of the IHR and the affiliated Noontide Press is the Legion for the Survival of Freedom. In 2009, IHR director Mark Weber published an article questioning the relevance of "Holocaust revisionism" in general, triggering infighting in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fountain Valley, California
Fountain Valley is a suburban city in Orange County, California. The population was 57,047 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census. History Indigenous The Indigenous people of the Fountain Valley area are the Tongva. The closest village to present-day site of the city was the village of Pajbenga, Pasbenga. The village was part of a series of villages along what the Spanish would refer to as the Santa Ana River. Spanish European settlement of the area began when Manuel Nieto (soldier), Manuel Nieto was granted the land for Rancho Los Nietos, later Rancho Las Bolsas, which encompassed over , including present-day Fountain Valley. Control of the land was subsequently transferred to Mexico upon independence from Spain, and then to the United States as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Talbert Talbert was a settlement at what is now the intersection of Talbert and Bushard. It was also known as Gospel Swamp by residents. Thomas B. Talbert was born outside Mon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austin App
Austin Joseph App (May 24, 1902 – May 3, 1984) was an American professor of medieval English literature who taught at the University of Scranton and La Salle University. App defended Nazi Germany during World War II. He is known for his work denying the Holocaust, and he has been called the first major American Holocaust denier. Early life and education App was born in Milwaukee, on May 24, 1902, to Germans, German immigrant parents who were farmers, he attended Saint Francis de Sales Seminary, St. Francis Seminary near Milwaukee and graduated in 1923. He studied English Literature at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., where he received a Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D. in 1929. Career App served as an instructor of English at Catholic University of America from 1929 to 1935. From 1935 to 1942 he served as the head of the English Department at the University of Scranton, publishing widely in scholarly and popular journals. He wrote for ''The Catholic Home Jou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Testimony
Testimony is a solemn attestation as to the truth of a matter. Etymology The words "testimony" and "testify" both derive from the Latin word ''testis'', referring to the notion of a disinterested third-party witness. Law In the law, testimony is a form of evidence in which a witness makes a "solemn declaration or affirmation ... for the purpose of establishing or proving some fact". According to Bryan A. Garner, the editor of '' Black's Law Dictionary'', the word "testimony" is properly used as a mass noun (that is, always uninflected regardless of number), and not a count noun. Testimony may be oral or written, and it is usually made by oath or affirmation under penalty of perjury. Historically, to be admissible in court and to ensure maximum reliability and validity, written testimony presented in the form of an affidavit (i.e., the witness would not be appearing in court at the hearing at which the affidavit was considered as evidence) was usually witnessed by anot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Breach Of Contract
Breach of contract is a legal cause of action and a type of civil wrong, in which a binding agreement or bargained-for exchange is not honored by one or more of the parties to the contract by non-performance or interference with the other party's performance. Breach occurs when a party to a contract fails to fulfill its obligation(s), whether partially or wholly, as described in the contract, or communicates an intent to fail the obligation or otherwise appears not to be able to perform its obligation under the contract. Where there is breach of contract, the resulting damages have to be paid to the aggrieved party by the party breaching the contract. If a contract is rescinded, parties are legally allowed to undo the work unless doing so would directly charge the other party at that exact time. What constitutes a breach of contract There exists two elementary forms of breach of contract. The first is actual failure to perform the contract as and when specified constitutes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William John Cox
William John "Billy Jack" Cox (born February 15, 1941) is an American public interest lawyer and author. Biography Early career Employed in 1962 by the El Cajon Police Department, he attended the nearby San Diego Police Department Academy. In 1968, Cox transferred to the Los Angeles Police Department where he graduated from the Police Academy. He received an associate degree in Police Administration from Rio Hondo College. In 1974 he was appointed a Deputy Los Angeles County District Attorney. Believing that control of the United States government had been seized by special interest groups and no longer cared for the voters who elected it, Cox filed a ''pro bono'' class action lawsuit on July 9, 1979, on behalf of every American citizen directly in the Supreme Court of the United States, which was denied without comment. Holocaust Case Cox later represented Mel Mermelstein, a Jewish survivor of the Auschwitz concentration camp. Cox investigated and sued a group of radical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Auschwitz
Auschwitz, or Oświęcim, was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschwitz I, the main camp (''Stammlager'') in Oświęcim; Auschwitz II-Birkenau, a concentration and extermination camp with gas chambers, Auschwitz III-Monowitz, a labour camp for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben, and dozens of subcamps. The camps became a major site of the Nazis' Final Solution to the Jewish question. After Germany initiated World War II by invading Poland in September 1939, the '' Schutzstaffel'' (SS) converted Auschwitz I, an army barracks, into a prisoner-of-war camp. The initial transport of political detainees to Auschwitz consisted almost solely of Poles (for whom the camp was initially established). For the first two years, the majority of inmates were Polish. In May 1940, German criminals brought to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gas Chamber
A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing humans or animals with gas, consisting of a sealed chamber into which a poisonous or asphyxiant gas is introduced. Poisonous agents used include hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide. History Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau, General Rochambeau developed a rudimentary method in 1803, during the Haitian Revolution, filling ships' cargo holds with sulfur dioxide to suffocate prisoners of war. The scale of these operations was brought to larger public attention in the book ''Napoleon's Crimes'' (2005), although the allegations of scale and sources were heavily questioned. In America, the utilization of a gas chamber was first proposed by Allan McLane Hamilton to the state of Nevada. Since then, gas chambers have been used as a method of execution of condemned prisoners in the United States and continue to be a legal execution method in three states, seeing nitrogen asphyxiation, legislated reintroduction with inert ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Alliance (United States)
The National Alliance was a white supremacist, neo-Nazi political organization founded by William Luther Pierce in 1974 and based in Mill Point, West Virginia. It was formed out of a split in the National Youth Alliance, an organization run by Pierce, a former member of the American Nazi Party, and Willis Carto. The National Alliance had several business ventures, including the record label Resistance Records, a book publisher, and several periodicals. It was the largest and most significant neo-Nazi group of its time. Membership in 2002 was estimated at 2,500 with an annual income of $1 million. Membership declined after Pierce's death in 2002, and after a split in its ranks in 2005 and several power struggles, it became largely defunct, though some members still claim the name. History The National Alliance was established by William Luther Pierce in 1974, renamed and restructured from another organization called the National Youth Alliance. Pierce was a former member o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White Supremacist
White supremacy is the belief that white people are superior to those of other races. The belief favors the maintenance and defense of any power and privilege held by white people. White supremacy has roots in the now-discredited doctrine of scientific racism and was a key justification for European colonialism. As a political ideology, it imposes and maintains cultural, social, political, historical or institutional domination by white people and non-white supporters. In the past, this ideology had been put into effect through socioeconomic and legal structures such as the Atlantic slave trade, European colonial labor and social practices, the Scramble for Africa, Jim Crow laws in the United States, the activities of the Native Land Court in New Zealand, the White Australia policies from the 1890s to the mid-1970s, and apartheid in South Africa. This ideology is also today present among neo-Confederates. White supremacy underlies a spectrum of contemporary movements ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mark Weber (historian)
Mark Edward Weber (born October 9, 1951) is an American Holocaust denier, who is the director of the Institute for Historical Review, a United States, California-based Holocaust denial organization. Weber has been associated with the IHR since the 1980s. In 1992 he became editor-in-chief of the IHR's pseudoacademic '' Journal of Historical Review''. Weber was subsequently named the institute's Director in 1995. Weber was born in Portland, Oregon, in 1951. After graduating from Jesuit High School in 1969, he studied history in Chicago at the University of Illinois. He continued his studies for two semesters at the University of Munich, and, returning to Oregon, took a B.A. degree in history with high honors from Portland State University. In graduate school, he continued his study of history at Indiana University, receiving an M.A. degree in modern European history The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 80 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Church Of Scientology
The Church of Scientology is a group of interconnected corporate entities and other organizations devoted to the practice, administration and dissemination of Scientology, which is variously defined as a cult, a business, or a new religious movement. The movement has been the subject of a number of controversies, and the Church of Scientology has been described by government inquiries, international parliamentary bodies, scholars and numerous superior court judgements as both a dangerous cult and a manipulative profit-making business. In 1979, several executives of the organization were convicted and imprisoned for multiple offenses by a U.S. Federal Court. The Church of Scientology itself was convicted of fraud by a French court in 2009, a decision upheld by the supreme Court of Cassation in 2013. The German government classifies Scientology as an unconstitutional sect. In France, it has been classified as a dangerous cult. In some countries, it has attained legal rec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mel Mermelstein
Melvin Mermelstein (born Moric Mermelstein; September 25, 1926 – January 28, 2022) was a Czechoslovak-born American Holocaust survivor and autobiographer. A Jew, he was the sole survivor of his family's extermination at Auschwitz concentration camp. He is best known for his litigation with the Institute for Historical Review over evidence of gas chambers in German concentration camps during World War II. The legal dispute was resolved in Mermelstein's favor, without the court giving an opinion on the merits of the dispute, since it ruled that the existence of gas chambers at Auschwitz is a legally indisputable fact. Life and career Mermelstein was born in Örösveg, the son of Fani, a homemaker, and Herman-Bernad Mermelstein, a winemaker. Before World War II broke out, Mermelstein lived in Munkacs, then part of Czechoslovakia (occupied by Hungary in 1938). On May 19, 1944, he was deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp. Mermelstein spent a little less than one year a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
