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Ibn Sanāʾ Al-Mulk
Abu ’l-Qāsim Hibat Allāh b. Abī ’l-Faḍl Jaʿfar b. al-Muʿtamid (), known as Ibn Sanāʾ al-Mulk (), was a 12th-century Egyptian ''qāḍi'', poet, scholar interested in the Andalusi '' muwaššaḥ''. He published ''Dār aṭ-ṭirāz fī ʿamal al-muwas̲h̲s̲h̲aḥāt'' (), an anthology containing 34 Andalusi and Maghribi ''muwaššaḥat'', his theory of the genre, as well as 35 of his own ''muwaššaḥat.'' He was also the first person in the Mashriq to compose ''muwaššaḥat'', writing some ''kharjas'' with Persian words. ''Dar at-Tiraz'' Ibn Sanāʾ al-Mulk's book on the ''muwaššaḥ'', ''Dār aṭ-ṭirāz fī ʿamal al-muwas̲h̲s̲h̲aḥāt'' (), is regarded as the most complete contemporary description of the genre.Reynolds, Dwight. “Music.” Chapter. In ''The Literature of Al-Andalus'', edited by María Rosa Menocal, Raymond P. Scheindlin, and Michael Sells, 60–82. The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qadi
A qadi (; ) is the magistrate or judge of a Sharia court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and minors, and supervision and auditing of public works. History The term '' was in use from the time of Muhammad during the early history of Islam, and remained the term used for judges throughout Islamic history and the period of the caliphates. While the and played the role in elucidation of the principles of Islamic jurisprudence () and the Islamic law (), the qadi remained the key person ensuring the establishment of justice on the basis of these very laws and rules. Thus, the qadi was chosen from amongst those who had mastered the sciences of jurisprudence and law. The office of qadi continued to be a very important one in every principality of the caliphates and sultanates of the various Muslim empires over the centuries. The rulers appointed a qadi in every region, town, and village for judicial and administrative cont ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muwashshah
''Muwashshah'' ( ' ' girdled'; plural '; also ' 'girdling,' pl. ') is a strophic poetic form that developed in al-Andalus in the late 10th and early 11th centuries. The ', embodying the Iberian rhyme revolution, was the major Andalusi innovation in Arabic poetry, and it was sung and performed musically. The ''muwaššaḥ'' features a complex rhyme and metrical scheme usually containing five ' ( 'branches'; sing. '), with uniform rhyme within each strophe, interspersed with ' ( 'threads for stringing pearls'; sing. ') with common rhyme throughout the song, as well as a terminal '' kharja'' ( 'exit'), the song's final ''simṭ'', which could be in a different language. Sephardic poets also composed ' in Hebrew, sometimes as ''contrafacta'' imitating the rhyme and metrical scheme of a particular poem in Hebrew or in Arabic. This poetic imitation, called ' ( 'contrafaction'), is a tradition in Arabic poetry. The '' kharja'', or the ''markaz'' ( 'center') of the ', its fin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mashriq
The Mashriq (; ), also known as the Arab Mashriq (), sometimes spelled Mashreq or Mashrek, is a term used by Arabs to refer to the eastern part of the Arab world, as opposed to the Maghreb (western) region, and located in West Asia and eastern North Africa. It is the Arabic equivalent for the term Middle East. Poetically the "Place of Sunrise", the name is derived from the verb ''sharaqa'' (, "to shine, illuminate, radiate" and "to rise"), from the sh-r-q root (), referring to the east, where the sun rises. The region includes the Arab-majority states of Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Geography As the word ''Mashriq'' refers to Arab countries located between the Mediterranean Sea and Iran, it is the companion term to ''Maghreb'' (), the western half of the Arab world comprising Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya. Libya may also be regarded as straddling the two regions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kharja
A ''kharja'' or ''kharjah'' ( ; ; ; also known as a ''markaz'' 'center'), is the final couple of ''abyāt'', or verses, of a '' muwaššaḥa'' ( 'girdle'), a poem or song of the strophic lyric genre from al-Andalus. The ''kharja'' can be in a language that is different from the body; a ''muwaššaḥ'' in literary Arabic might have a ''kharja'' in vernacular Andalusi Arabic or in a mix of Arabic and Andalusi Romance, while a ''muwaššaḥ'' in Hebrew might contain a ''kharja'' in Arabic, Romance, Hebrew, or a mix. The ''muwashshah'' typically consists of five strophes of four to six lines, alternating with five or six refrains (''qufl''); each refrain has the same rhyme and metre, whereas each stanza has only the same metre. The ''kharja'' appears often to have been composed independently of the ''muwashshah'' in which it is found. Characteristics of the kharja About a third of extant ''kharjas'' are written in Classical Arabic. Most of the remainder are in Andalusi Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andalusi Classical Music
Andalusi classical music (; ), also called Andalusi music or Arab-Andalusian music, is a genre of music originally developed in al-Andalus by the Muslim population of the region and the Moors. It then spread and influenced many different styles across the Maghreb (Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia) after the Expulsion of the Moriscos. It originated in the music of al-Andalus (Muslim Iberia) between the 9th and 15th centuries. Some of its poems derive from famous authors such as al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad, Ibn Khafaja, al-Shushtari, and Ibn al-Khatib. History Andalusi music was allegedly born in the Emirate of Cordoba (Al-Andalus) in the 9th century. Born and raised in Iraq, Ziryâb (d. 857), who later became court musician of Abd al-Rahman II in Cordoba, is sometimes credited with its invention. Later, the poet, composer, and philosopher Ibn Bajjah (d. 1139) of Saragossa is said to have combined the style of Ziryâb with Western approaches to produce a wholly new styl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Egyptian Scholars
''Egyptian'' describes something of, from, or related to Egypt. Egyptian or Egyptians may refer to: Nations and ethnic groups * Egyptians, a national group in North Africa ** Egyptian culture, a complex and stable culture with thousands of years of recorded history ** Egyptian cuisine, the local culinary traditions of Egypt * Egypt, the modern country in northeastern Africa ** Egyptian Arabic, the language spoken in contemporary Egypt ** A citizen of Egypt; see Demographics of Egypt * Ancient Egypt, a civilization from c. 3200 BC to 343 BC ** Ancient Egyptians, ethnic people of ancient Egypt ** Ancient Egyptian architecture, the architectural structure style ** Ancient Egyptian cuisine, the cuisine of ancient Egypt ** Egyptian language, the oldest known language of Egypt and a branch of the Afroasiatic language family * Copts, the ethnic Egyptian Christian minority ** Coptic language or Coptic Egyptian, the latest stage of the Egyptian language, spoken in Egypt until the 17th cent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
