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Heinz Raether
Heinz Artur Raether (14 October 1909 — 31 December 1986) was a German physicist. He is best known for his theoretical and experimental contributions to the study of surface plasmons, as well as for Kretschmann-Raether configuration, a commonly-used experimental setup for the excitation of surface plasmon resonances. From 1944 to 1946 he was a professor of physics at the University of Jena at the Physikalisches Institut. Here he dealt with electron physics, electron microscopy, electron interference and gas discharges. In 1951, he took over the management of the Institute for Applied Physics at the University of Hamburg. After the development of the transistor, he focused on solid state physics. His work during this period concerned the structure and growth of crystals. Later he became interested in the collective behavior of the electrons of a crystal, the solid-state electron plasma. In gas discharge physics, he devoted himself to the ignition process, especially the formati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuremberg
Nuremberg (, ; ; in the local East Franconian dialect: ''Nämberch'' ) is the Franconia#Towns and cities, largest city in Franconia, the List of cities in Bavaria by population, second-largest city in the States of Germany, German state of Bavaria, and its 544,414 (2023) inhabitants make it the List of cities in Germany by population, 14th-largest city in Germany. Nuremberg sits on the Pegnitz (river), Pegnitz, which carries the name Regnitz from its confluence with the Rednitz in Fürth onwards (), and on the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, that connects the North Sea to the Black Sea. Lying in the Bavarian Regierungsbezirk, administrative region of Middle Franconia, it is the largest city and unofficial capital of the entire cultural region of Franconia. The city is surrounded on three sides by the , a large forest, and in the north lies (''garlic land''), an extensive vegetable growing area and cultural landscape. The city forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electric Discharge In Gases
Electric discharge in gases occurs when electric current flows through a gaseous medium due to ionization of the gas. Depending on several factors, the discharge may radiate visible light. The properties of electric discharges in gases are studied in connection with design of lighting sources and in the design of high voltage electrical equipment. Discharge types In cold cathode tubes, the electric discharge in gas has three regions, with distinct current–voltage characteristics:Reference Data for Engineers: Radio, Electronics, Computers and Communications By Wendy Middleton, Mac E. Van Valkenburg, p. 16-42, Newnes, 2002 *I: Townsend discharge, below the breakdown voltage. At low voltages, the only current i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Condensed Matter Physicists
Condensation is the change of the state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase. Condensation may also refer to: * DNA condensation, the process of compacting DNA molecules * Cloud condensation nuclei, airborne particles required for cloud formation * Condensation (aerosol dynamics), a phase transition from gas to liquid * Condensation cloud, observable at large explosions in humid air * Condensation reaction, in chemistry, a chemical reaction between two molecules or moieties * Condensation algorithm, in computer science, a computer vision algorithm * Condensation (graph theory), in mathematics, a directed acyclic graph formed by contracting the strongly connected components of another graph * Dodgson condensation, in mathematics, a method invented by Lewis Carroll for computing the determinants of square matrices * Bose–Einstein condensation, a state of matter of a dilute gas in which quantum effects become apparent on a macroscopic scale * Condensation (psyc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1986 Deaths
The year 1986 was designated as the International Year of Peace by the United Nations. Events January * January 1 ** Aruba gains increased autonomy from the Netherlands by separating from the Netherlands Antilles. ** Spain and Portugal enter the European Community, which becomes the European Union in 1993. * January 11 – The Sir Leo Hielscher Bridges, Gateway Bridge in Brisbane, Australia, at this time the world's longest prestressed concrete free-cantilever bridge, is opened. * January 13–January 24, 24 – South Yemen Civil War. * January 20 – The United Kingdom and France announce plans to construct the Channel Tunnel. * January 24 – The Voyager 2 space probe makes its first encounter with Uranus. * January 25 – Yoweri Museveni's National Resistance Army Rebel group takes over Uganda after leading a Ugandan Bush War, five-year guerrilla war in which up to half a million people are believed to have been killed. They will later use January 26 as the official date ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1909 Births
Events January–February * January 4 – Explorer Aeneas Mackintosh of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition escapes death by fleeing across drift ice, ice floes. * January 7 – Colombia recognizes the independence of Panama. * January 9 – The British Nimrod Expedition, ''Nimrod'' Expedition to the South Pole, led by Ernest Shackleton, arrives at the Farthest South, farthest south reached by any prior expedition, at 88°23' S, prior to turning back due to diminishing supplies. * January 11 – The International Joint Commission on US-Canada boundary waters is established. * January 16 – Members of the ''Nimrod'' Expedition claim to have found the magnetic South Pole (but the location recorded may be incorrect). * January 24 – The White Star Liner RMS Republic (1903), RMS ''Republic'' sinks the day after a collision with ''SS Florida'' off Nantucket. Almost all of the 1,500 passengers are rescued. * January 28 – The last United States t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Townsend Discharge
In electromagnetism, the Townsend discharge or Townsend avalanche is an ionisation process for gases where free electrons are accelerated by an electric field, collide with gas molecules, and consequently free additional electrons. Those electrons are in turn accelerated and free additional electrons. The result is an avalanche multiplication that permits significantly increased electrical conduction through the gas. The discharge requires a source of free electrons and a significant electric field; without both, the phenomenon does not occur. The Townsend discharge is named after John Sealy Townsend, who discovered the fundamental ionisation mechanism by his work circa 1897 at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge. General description The avalanche occurs in a gaseous medium that can be ionised (such as air). The electric field and the mean free path of the electron must allow free electrons to acquire an energy level (velocity) that can cause impact ionisation. If the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surface Plasmon Polariton
Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are electromagnetic waves that travel along a metal–dielectric or metal–air interface, practically in the infrared or visible spectrum, visible-frequency. The term "surface plasmon polariton" explains that the wave involves both charge motion in the metal ("surface plasmon") and electromagnetic waves in the air or dielectric ("polariton"). They are a type of surface wave, guided along the interface in much the same way that light can be guided by an optical fiber. SPPs have a shorter wavelength than light in vacuum at the same frequency (photons). Hence, SPPs can have a higher Photon#Relativistic energy and momentum , momentum and field intensity, local field intensity. Perpendicular to the interface, they have subwavelength-scale confinement. An SPP will propagate along the interface until its energy is lost either to absorption in the metal or scattering into other directions (such as into free space). Application of SPPs enables subwavelen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Springer Publishing
Springer Publishing Company is an American publishing company of academic journals and books, focusing on the fields of nursing, gerontology, psychology, social work, counseling, public health, and rehabilitation (neuropsychology). It was established in 1951 by Bernhard Springer, a great-grandson of Julius Springer, and is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. History Springer Publishing Company was founded in 1950 by Bernhard Springer, the Berlin-born great-grandson of Julius Springer, who founded Springer Science+Business Media, Springer-Verlag (now Springer Science+Business Media). Springer Publishing's first landmark publications included ''Livestock Health Encyclopedia'' by R. Seiden and the 1952 ''Handbook of Cardiology for Nurses''. The company's books soon branched into other fields, including medicine and psychology. Nursing publications grew rapidly in number, as Modell's ''Drugs in Current Use'', a small annual paperback, sold over 150,000 copies over several edi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Optics Communications
''Optics Communications'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It covers all fields of optical science and technology and was established in 1969. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: *Chemical Abstracts *Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology *Current Contents/Physics, Chemical, & Earth Sciences * Ei Compendex * Engineering Index *Inspec *Scopus According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2022 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 2.4. References External links *{{Official website, https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/optics-communications Optics journals Elsevier academic journals Academic journals established in 1969 English-language journals Biweekl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surface Science (journal)
''Surface Science'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier that covers the physics and chemistry of surfaces and interfaces. It was established in 1964. The journal encompasses ''Surface Science Letters'', which was published separately until 1993. The scope of the journal includes nanotechnology, catalysis, and soft matter and features both experimental and computational studies. Extended reviews are published in its companion journal, ''Surface Science Reports''. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2020 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 1.942. References External links * Physics journals Materials science journals Academic journals established in 1964 Elsevier academic journ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zeitschrift Für Physik
''Zeitschrift für Physik'' (English: ''Journal for Physics'') is a defunct series of German peer-reviewed physics journals established in 1920 by Springer Berlin Heidelberg. The series ended publication in 1997, when it merged with other journals to form the new '' European Physical Journal'' series. It had expanded to four parts over the years. History *''Zeitschrift für Physik'' (1920–1975 ), The first three issues were published as a supplement to '' Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft''. The journal split in parts A and B in 1975. :*''Zeitschrift für Physik A'' (1975–1997). The original subtitle was ''Atoms and Nuclei'' (). In 1986, it split into ''Zeitschrift für Physik A: Atomic Nuclei'' () and ''Zeitschrift für Physik D: Atoms, Molecules and Clusters''. ''Zeitschrift für Physik A'' continues as the '' European Physical Journal A''. :*''Zeitschrift für Physik B'' (1975–1997) resulted from the split of ''Zeitschrift für Physik' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academy Of Sciences Leopoldina
The German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (), in short Leopoldina, is the national academy of Germany, and is located in Halle (Saale). Founded on 1 January 1652, based on academic models in Italy, it was originally named the ''Academia Naturae Curiosorum'' until 1687 when Emperor Leopold I raised it to an academy and named it after himself. It was since known under the German name ''Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina'' until 2007, when it was declared to be Germany's National Academy of Sciences. It is the oldest continuously operating academy of natural sciences worldwide. History ' The Leopoldina was founded in the imperial city of Schweinfurt on 1 January 1652 under the Latin name sometimes translated into English as "Academy of the Curious as to Nature." It was founded by four local physicians – Johann Laurentius Bausch, the first president of the society, Johann Michael Fehr, Georg Balthasar Metzger, and Georg Balthasar Wohlfarth; and was the on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
