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Human Rights In Canada
Human rights in Canada have come under increasing public attention and legal protection since World War II. Inspired by Canada's involvement in the creation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, the current legal framework for human rights in Canada consists of constitutional entitlements, and statutory human rights codes, both federal and provincial. The Supreme Court of Canada first recognized an implied bill of rights in 1938 in the decision Reference Re Alberta Statutes.Joseph E. Magnet''Constitutional Law of Canada'', 8th ed., Part VI, Chapter 1, Juriliber, Edmonton (2001). URL accessed on March 18, 2006. However, prior to the advent of the ''Canadian Bill of Rights'' in 1960 and its successor the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'' in 1982 (part of the Constitution of Canada), the laws of Canada did not provide much in the way of civil rights and was typically of limited concern to the courts. The protections which did exist focused on specific ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms (English)
The ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'' (), often simply referred to as the ''Charter'' in Canada, is a bill of rights entrenched clause, entrenched in the Constitution of Canada, forming the first part of the ''Constitution Act, 1982''. The ''Charter'' guarantees certain political rights to Canadian citizens and guarantees the civil rights of everyone in Canada. It is designed to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights. The ''Charter'' was proclaimed in force by Monarchy of Canada, Queen Elizabeth II of Canada on April 17, 1982, as part of the ''Constitution Act, 1982''. The ''Charter'' was preceded by the ''Canadian Bill of Rights'', enacted in 1960, which was a federal statute rather than a constitutional document. The ''Bill of Rights'' exemplified an international trend towards formalizing human rights protections following the United Nations' ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'', instigated by the human rights in Canada, country' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Section 6 Of The Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms
Section 6 of the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'' is the section of the Canadian Constitution that protects the mobility rights of Canadian citizens, and to a lesser extent that of permanent residents. By mobility rights, the section refers to the individual practice of entering and exiting Canada, and moving within its boundaries. The section is subject to the section 1 Oakes test, but cannot be nullified by the notwithstanding clause. Along with the language rights in the ''Charter'' ( sections 16– 23), section 6 was meant to protect Canadian unity. Text Under the heading "Mobility Rights", the section reads, Background Before the adoption of the ''Charter'' in 1982, mobility rights had existed by virtue of section 91 of the ''Constitution Act, 1867'', which gave the federal government full jurisdiction over citizenship. Citizens were free to move across provincial borders and live wherever they chose to. Only the federal government could limit this right. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canadian Human Rights Commission
The Canadian Human Rights Commission (CHRC) was established in 1977 by the Government of Canada. It is empowered under the '' Canadian Human Rights Act'' to investigate and to try to settle complaints of discrimination in employment and in the provision of services within federal jurisdiction. The CHRC is also empowered under the '' Employment Equity Act'' to ensure that federally-regulated employers provide equal opportunities for four designated groups: women, Aboriginal people, the disabled, and visible minorities. One member of the Commission is designated as the Accessibility Commissioner under the ''Accessible Canada Act''. The Commission helps enforce those human rights and inform the general public and employers of those rights. Organization and structure The Canadian Human Rights Commission was established by Parliament in 1977 to administer the ''Canadian Human Rights Act''. Its role was later expanded to include the ''Employment Equity'' ''Act''. Both laws apply ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Children Of Bill 101
The children of Bill 101 (''les enfants de la loi 101'') is the name given to the generation of children whose parents immigrated to Quebec, Canada after the adoption of the 1977 Charter of the French Language (Bill 101). One of the Charter's articles stipulates that all children under 16 must receive their primary and secondary education in French schools, unless one of the child's parents has received most of their education in English, in Canada, or the child or the child's sibling has already received a substantial part of their education in English, in Canada. If a child qualifies for a certificate of eligibility for instruction in English under one of those criteria, then the certificate is permanent and can be passed on to future generations even if the child ends up attending French instead of English school. The permanent certificate can only be granted if one of the child's parents is a Canadian citizen. In addition, children of foreign temporary residents living in Quebec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Act Respecting The Laicity Of The State
The ''Act respecting the laicity of the State'' (), introduced and commonly referred to as Bill 21 or Law 21, is a statute passed by the National Assembly of Quebec in 2019 which asserts that Quebec is a Secular state, lay state (secular state). It prohibits the wearing of religious symbols by certain public employees in positions of authority and those who were already in office when the bill was introduced. The statute operates despite the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms, Quebec ''Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms'', and also Notwithstanding clause, notwithstanding certain sections of the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms''. On April 20, 2021, the Superior Court of Quebec upheld most of the law, despite stating that the law violates the freedom of expression and freedom of religion, religion of religious minorities (especially Islam in Canada, Muslim women), because the National Assembly invoked the notwithstanding clause. However, the court did rule that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immigration To Canada
According to the 2021 Canadian census, immigrants in Canada number 8.3 million persons and make up approximately 23 percent of Canada's total population. This represents the eighth-largest Immigration, immigrant population in the world, while the proportion represents one of the highest ratios for Industrialized world, industrialized Western world, Western countries. Following Canada's Canadian Confederation, confederation in 1867, immigration played an integral role in helping develop vast tracts of land.Cheatham, Amelia. 2020 August 3.What Is Canada's Immigration Policy?" ''Council on Foreign Relations''. During this era, the Canadian Government would sponsor information campaigns and recruiters to encourage settlement in Rural Canada, rural areas; however, this would primarily be only towards those of European Canadians, European and religious Christian Canadian, Christian backgrounds, while others – "Buddhism in Canada, Buddhist, Shinto, Sikhism in Canada, Sikh, Islam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Racism In Canada
Racism in Canada traces both historical and contemporary racist community attitudes, as well as governmental negligence and political non-compliance with United Nations human rights standards and incidents in Canada. Contemporary Canada is the product of indigenous First Nations combined with multiple waves of immigration, predominantly from Europe and in modern times, from Asia. Statistics In 2021, the Social Progress Index ranked Canada 6th in the world for overall tolerance and inclusion. In 2016, a quarter of the discrimination grievances submitted to the Canadian Human Rights Commission were related to race, color, national or ethnic background, and/or religion. By 2017, 43% of hate crimes were found to be driven by racial or ethnic animosity, with 16% specifically aimed at Black individuals. Hate crimes targeting Muslims constituted 17%, while those directed at the Jewish community represented 18% of all hate-related offenses in Canada for that year. The number of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Excessive Police Force Incidents In Canada
This is a list of incidents involving proven excessive force by law enforcement in Canada. Alberta *1999: An RCMP constable in Alberta, Michael Ferguson, fatally shot Darren Varley after Varley attacked him in a jail cell. He was convicted of manslaughter in 2004, allowed to serve it under house arrest till 2006 and paroled in 2007, after two months in jail. The trial judge had decided the mandatory minimum sentence of four years in prison would be cruel and unusual punishment in his case. However, that decision was overturned by the Court of Appeal, which imposed the minimum sentence of four years in prison. The Court of Appeal`s decision was upheld on further appeal to the Supreme Court. *December 18, 2009: On September 13, 2009 Const. Desmond Sandboe violently assaulted prisoner Andrew Clyburn in the Lac La Biche detention facility. Apparently the attack began when Clyburn corrected Sandboe for mispronouncing his name. Clyburn says that he suffers from memory loss and breathin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Missing And Murdered Indigenous Women
Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women are instances of violence against Indigenous women in Canada and the United States, notably those in the First Nations in Canada and Native American communities, but also amongst other Indigenous peoples such as in Australia and New Zealand, and the grassroots movement to raise awareness of MMIW through organizing marches; building databases of the missing; holding local community, city council, and tribal council meetings; and conducting domestic violence trainings and other informational sessions for police. Law enforcement, journalists, and activists in Indigenous communities in both the US and Canada have fought to bring awareness to the connection between sex trafficking, sexual harassment, sexual assault, and the women who go missing and are murdered. From 2001 to 2015, the homicide rate for Indigenous women in Canada was almost six times higher than that for other women. In Nunavut, Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and in the pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Settler Colonialism In Canada
Settler colonialism in Canada refers to the process and effects of colonization on the Indigenous peoples in Canada, Indigenous peoples of Canada. As colonization progressed, Indigenous peoples were subject to policies of forced assimilation and Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples, cultural genocide. Governments in Canada in many cases ignored or chose to deny the aboriginal title of First Nations. The traditional governance of many of the First Nations was replaced with government-imposed structures. Many Indigenous cultural practices were banned. The relationship between The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada, Aboriginal Canadians and the Crown has been heavily defined by the effects of settler colonialism and Indigenous resistance. Canadian courts and recent governments have recognized and eliminated many discriminatory practices. Government policies Doctrine of Discovery The Catholic Discovery doctrine, Doctrine of Discovery is a legal doctrine that Louise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Rankings Of Canada
Canada is recognized in international rankings for a variety of reasons, ranging from its high standard of living to its strong economy and political stability. Canada ranks high on its social, legal, healthcare and education systems with its universities ranked among the best in the world. The country consistently ranks high in other various indices measuring factors such as human rights, quality of life, safety, happiness, prosperity and sustainability. This has led to Canada being recognized as one of the best countries in the world to live. Despite these facts there are varied domestic concerns, Canada ranks among the lowest of the most developed countries for housing affordability, technology affordability, healthcare accessibility, and foreign direct investment. International rankings Worldwide rankings Note: Below each survey uses a limited number of countries/region's for its assessments, see "Measurement(s)" for number variables. Freedom assessments Free ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Section 23 Of The Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms
Section 23 of the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'' is the section of the Constitution of Canada that guarantees minority language educational rights to French-speaking communities outside Quebec, and, to a lesser extent, English-speaking minorities in Quebec. The section may be particularly notable, in that some scholars believe that section 23 "was the only part of the Charter with which Pierre Trudeau was truly concerned."Dyck, Rand. Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches. Third ed. (Scarborough, Ontario: Nelson Thomson Learning, 2000), p. 442. Trudeau was the prime minister who fought for the inclusion of the ''Charter of Rights'' in the Constitution of Canada in 1982. Section 23(1)(b), or section 23 as a whole, are also known as the "Canada clause." Text Under the heading "Minority Language Educational Rights," the section reads, Section 23 must be read in conjunction with Section 59 of the Constitution Act, 1982: History As a strong federalist, Trudeau had ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
