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Hopantenic Acid
Hopantenic acid (homopantothenic acid), also known as N-pantoyl-GABA, is a central nervous system depressant. Formulated as the calcium salt (chemistry), salt, it is used as a pharmaceutical drug in the Russian Federation for a variety of neurological, psychological and psychiatric conditions and sold as Pantogam (). Chemistry Hopantenic acid is a homolog (chemistry), homologue of pantothenic acid. While pantothenic acid is the amide of pantoic acid, D-pantoate and beta-alanine, β-alanine, hopantenic acid is the amide of D-pantoate and gamma-Aminobutyric acid, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This change leads to an additional CH2 in the molecule. See also * Methyl pentanoate * Menthyl isovalerate * List of Russian drugs References External links pantogab (hopantenic acid) - Curehunter.com {{GABAergics Drugs acting on the nervous system GABA analogues Gamma-Amino acids ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theanine
Theanine , also known as L-theanine, L-gamma-glutamylethylamide, or ''N''5-ethyl-L-glutamine, is a non-proteinogenic amino acid similar to the proteinogenic amino acids glutamic acid, L-glutamate and glutamine, L-glutamine. It is produced by certain plants such as the tea plant (''Camellia sinensis''), and by some fungi. Theanine was discovered in 1949 as a constituent of green tea and was isolated in 1950 from ''gyokuro'' tea leaves. It constitutes about 1–2% of the dry weight of green tea leaves. The name ''theanine'' usually refers to the enantiomer ''L-theanine'', which is the form found in tea leaves from which it is extracted as a powder. The right-handed enantiomer, ''D-theanine'', is less-studied. Theanine is sold as a dietary supplement. It is packaged in gelatin capsules, Tablet (pharmacy), tablets, and as a powder, and may be an ingredient in branded supplements with caffeine. It is also used as an ingredient in food and beverages. In 1964 Japan approved its unlim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pantothenic Acid
Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is a B vitamin and an essential nutrient. All animals need pantothenic acid in order to synthesize coenzyme A (CoA), which is essential for cellular energy production and for the synthesis and degradation of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Pantothenic acid is the combination of pantoic acid and beta-Alanine, β-alanine. Its name comes from the Greek language, Greek ''pantothen'', meaning "from everywhere", because pantothenic acid, at least in small amounts, is in almost all foods. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is very rare in humans. In dietary supplements and animal feed, the form commonly used is calcium pantothenate, because chemically it is more stable, and hence makes for longer product shelf-life, than sodium pantothenate and free pantothenic acid. Definition Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble vitamin, one of the B vitamins. It is synthesized from the amino acid β-alanine and pantoic acid (see #Biosynthesis, biosynthesis and structu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drugs Acting On The Nervous System
A drug is any chemical substance other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. Consumption of drugs can be via inhalation, injection, smoking, ingestion, absorption via a patch on the skin, suppository, or dissolution under the tongue. In pharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance, typically of known structure, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. A pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being. Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis. Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders. Classification Pharmaceutical drugs are often classified into drug classes—groups of related drugs that have simila ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Russian Drugs
This page is a list of Russian drugs, or drugs that were developed in Russia, the former Soviet Union, and/or post-Soviet countries. Many Russian drugs are indicated for enhancing physical, mental, and/or cognitive performance, including drugs described as nootropics or cognitive enhancers, drugs combatting fatigue, so-called adaptogens or actoprotectors, and others. There have been concerns about Russian drugs in the Western world owing to allegedly lower standards of medical evidence in Russia compared to the West, for instance in the case of the Russian COVID vaccine Sputnik V. Some Russian drugs have been attempted to be repurposed and developed by pharmaceutical companies for use in the West, such as phenylpiracetam (fonturacetam), (''R'')-phenylpiracetam (MRZ-9547), Noopept (omberacetam), and armesocarb (the active enantiomer of mesocarb). List of Russian drugs * Aceclidine (Glaucostat, Glaunorm, Glaudin) – parasympathomimetic miotic * Acetomepregenol ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Menthyl Isovalerate
Menthyl isovalerate, also known as validolum, is the menthyl ester of isovaleric acid. It is a transparent oily, colorless liquid with a smell of menthol. It is very slightly soluble in ethanol, while practically insoluble in water. It is used as a food additive for flavor and fragrance. Medical use In Poland, Bulgaria, Romania and the former Soviet Union states including Russia, menthyl isovalerate mixed with roughly 25% menthol is sold as an anxiolytic under various trade names including Extravalerianic, Validol, Valofin, and Menthoval. Validol, the anxiety medication containing a roughly 25% solution of menthol in menthyl isovalerate is prepared essentially in one step, in which the amount of menthol added before conducting the acid catalysed esterification is in an excess such that the resulting solution of the yielded ester has around 25% menthol, simplifying the procedure. Work up might consist of several washings, including one with aqueous sodium bicarbonate to neutral ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methyl Pentanoate
Methyl pentanoate, commonly known as methyl valerate, is the methyl ester of pentanoic acid (valeric acid) with a fruity odor. Methyl pentanoate is commonly used in fragrances, beauty care, soap, laundry detergents at levels of 0.1–1%. In a very pure form (greater than 99.5%) it is used as a plasticizer in the manufacture of plastics. It is also used as an insecticide Insecticides are pesticides used to kill insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. The major use of insecticides is in agriculture, but they are also used in home and garden settings, i .... See also * Ethyl pentanoate References Methyl esters Valerate esters {{ester-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid, γ-aminobutyric acid) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the developmentally mature mammalian central nervous system. Its principal role is reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. GABA is sold as a dietary supplement in many countries. It has been traditionally thought that exogenous GABA (i.e., taken as a supplement) does not cross the blood–brain barrier, but data obtained from more recent research (2010s) in rats describes the notion as being unclear. The carboxylate form of GABA is γ-aminobutyrate. Function Neurotransmitter Two general classes of GABA receptor are known: * GABAA receptor, GABAA in which the receptor is part of a ligand-gated ion channel complex * GABAB receptor, GABAB metabotropic receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors that open or close ion channels via intermediaries (G proteins) Neurons that produce GABA as their output are called GABAergic neurons, and have chiefly inhibito ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pantoic Acid
Pantoic acid is the alpha hydroxy acid with the formula HOCH2C(CH3)2CH(OH)CO2H. The compound is almost always encountered in a biological context, as an aqueous solution of its conjugate base pantoate HOCH2C(CH3)2CH(OH)CO2-. The amide of pantoic acid with β-alanine is pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), a component of coenzyme A. Biosynthesis Its biosynthesis proceeds from ketoisovalerate by hydroxymethylation: :(CH3)2CHC(O)CO2− + CH2O → HOCH2(CH3)2CC(O)CO2− This conversion is catalyzed by ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase, which gives ketopantoate. Ketopantoate is reduced by ketopantoate reductase to pantoate, using NADH as the hydride source. The amide derived from pantoic acid and GABA is the pharmaceutical drug hopantenic acid Hopantenic acid (homopantothenic acid), also known as N-pantoyl-GABA, is a central nervous system depressant. Formulated as the calcium salt (chemistry), salt, it is used as a pharmaceutical drug in the Russian Federation for a variety of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amide
In organic chemistry, an amide, also known as an organic amide or a carboxamide, is a chemical compound, compound with the general formula , where R, R', and R″ represent any group, typically organyl functional group, groups or hydrogen atoms. The amide group is called a peptide bond when it is part of the Polymer backbone, main chain of a protein, and an isopeptide bond when it occurs in a side chain, as in asparagine and glutamine. It can be viewed as a Derivative (chemistry), derivative of a carboxylic acid () with the hydroxyl group () replaced by an amino group (); or, equivalently, an acyl group, acyl (alkanoyl) group () joined to an amino group. Common amides are formamide (), acetamide (), benzamide (), and dimethylformamide (). Some uncommon examples of amides are ''N''-chloroacetamide () and chloroformamide (). Amides are qualified as primary (chemistry), primary, secondary (chemistry), secondary, and tertiary (chemistry), tertiary according to the number of acyl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homolog (chemistry)
In organic chemistry, a homologous series is a sequence of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties in which the members of the series differ by the number of repeating units they contain. This can be the length of a carbon chain, for example in the straight-chained alkanes (paraffins), or it could be the number of monomers in a homopolymer such as amylose. A homologue (also spelled as homolog) is a compound belonging to a homologous series. Compounds within a homologous series typically have a fixed set of functional groups that gives them similar chemical and physical properties. (For example, the series of primary straight-chained alcohols has a hydroxyl at the end of the carbon chain.) These properties typically change gradually along the series, and the changes can often be explained by mere differences in molecular size and mass. The name "homologous series" is also often used for any collection of compounds that have similar structures or inc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pantothenic Acid
Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is a B vitamin and an essential nutrient. All animals need pantothenic acid in order to synthesize coenzyme A (CoA), which is essential for cellular energy production and for the synthesis and degradation of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Pantothenic acid is the combination of pantoic acid and beta-Alanine, β-alanine. Its name comes from the Greek language, Greek ''pantothen'', meaning "from everywhere", because pantothenic acid, at least in small amounts, is in almost all foods. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is very rare in humans. In dietary supplements and animal feed, the form commonly used is calcium pantothenate, because chemically it is more stable, and hence makes for longer product shelf-life, than sodium pantothenate and free pantothenic acid. Definition Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble vitamin, one of the B vitamins. It is synthesized from the amino acid β-alanine and pantoic acid (see #Biosynthesis, biosynthesis and structu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
