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Hooker Reaction
In the Hooker reaction (1936) an alkyl chain in a certain naphthoquinone (phenomenon first observed in the compound lapachol) is reduced by one methylene unit as carbon dioxide in each potassium permanganate organic oxidation, oxidation.''On the Oxidation of 2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone Derivatives with Alkaline Potassium Permanganate. Part II. Compounds with Unsaturated Side'' Chains Samuel C. Hooker and Al Steyermark J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1936; 58(7); pp. 1179–81; : :Mechanistically oxidation causes ring-cleavage at the alkene group, extrusion of carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalent bond, covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in a gas state at room temperature and at norma ... in decarboxylation with subsequent ring-closure. : References {{Organic reactions Organic reactions Name reactions Degradation reactions Homologation reactions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naphthoquinone
Naphthoquinones constitute a class of organic compounds structurally related to naphthalene. Two isomers are common for the parent naphthoquinones: * 1,2-Naphthoquinone * 1,4-Naphthoquinone Natural products * Alkannin * Hexahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione * Juglone * Lapachol * Lawsone * Menatetrenone * 2-Methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, a compound found in '' Impatiens'' species * Nigrosporin B * Phylloquinone * Plumbagin * Spinochrome B * Spinochrome D * Vitamin K and related compounds ** Phylloquinone ** Vitamin K2 ** Menadione Menadione is a natural organic compound with the formula C6H4(CO)2C2H(CH3). It is an analog of 1,4-naphthoquinone with a methyl group in the 2-position. It is sometimes called vitamin K3. Use is allowed as a nutritional supplement in animal ... (2-Methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) Synthetic naphthoquinones * 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and dihydroxynaphthoquinones * Atovaquone * Buparvaquone, an antiprotozoal drug used in veterinary ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lapachol
Lapachol is a natural phenolic compound isolated from the bark of the lapacho tree.Record, Samuel J.. "Lapachol" pages 17-19. In: ''Tropical Woods'' (1925). This tree is known botanically as '' Handroanthus impetiginosus'', but was formerly known by various other botanical names such as ''Tabebuia avellanedae''. Lapachol is also found in other species of ''Handroanthus''. Lapachol is usually encountered as a yellow, skin-irritating powder from wood. Chemically, it is a derivative of vitamin K Vitamin K is a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements. The human body requires vitamin K for post-translational modification, post-synthesis modification of certain proteins ....Louis F.Fieser. ''The Scientific Method'' pages 163-191. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, 1964 Once studied as a possible treatment for some types of cancer, the levels of lapachol required for cancer treatment are considered too ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methylene (compound)
Methylene (IUPAC name: methylidene, also called carbene or methene) is an organic compound with the chemical formula (also written and not to be confused with compressed hydrogen, which is also denoted ). It is a colourless gas that fluoresces in the mid-infrared range, and only persists in dilution, or as an adduct. Methylene is the simplest carbene.Roald Hoffman (2005), ''Molecular Orbitals of Transition Metal Complexes''. Oxford. . It is usually detected only at very low temperatures or as a short-lived intermediate in chemical reactions.W. B. DeMore and S. W. Benson (1964), Preparation, properties, and reactivity of methylene'. In ''Advances in Photochemistry'', John Wiley & Sons, 453 pages. Nomenclature The trivial name ''carbene'' is the preferred IUPAC name. The systematic names ''methylidene'' and ''dihydridocarbon'', valid IUPAC names, are constructed according to the substitutive and additive nomenclatures, respectively. ''Methylidene'' is viewed as methane with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalent bond, covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is found in a gas state at room temperature and at normally-encountered concentrations it is odorless. As the source of carbon in the carbon cycle, atmospheric is the primary carbon source for life on Earth. In the air, carbon dioxide is transparent to visible light but absorbs infrared, infrared radiation, acting as a greenhouse gas. Carbon dioxide is soluble in water and is found in groundwater, lakes, ice caps, and seawater. It is a trace gas Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, in Earth's atmosphere at 421 parts per million (ppm), or about 0.042% (as of May 2022) having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm or about 0.028%. Burning fossil fuels is the main cause of these increased concentrations, which are the primary cause of climate change.IPCC (2022Summary for pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potassium Permanganate
Potassium permanganate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula KMnO4. It is a purplish-black crystalline salt, which dissolves in water as K+ and ions to give an intensely pink to purple solution. Potassium permanganate is widely used in the chemical industry and laboratories as a strong oxidizing agent, and also as a medication for dermatitis, for cleaning wounds, and general disinfection. It is commonly used as a biocide for water treatment purposes. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2000, worldwide production was estimated at 30,000 tons. Properties Potassium permanganate is the potassium salt of the tetrahedral transition metal oxo complex permanganate, in which four ligands are bound to a manganese(VII) center. Structure forms orthorhombic crystals with constants: ''a'' = 910.5 pm, ''b'' = 572.0 pm, ''c'' = 742.5 pm. The overall motif is similar to that for barium sulfate, with which it forms solid so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Oxidation
Organic reductions or organic oxidations or organic redox reactions are redox reactions that take place with organic compounds. In organic chemistry oxidations and reductions are different from ordinary redox reactions, because many reactions carry the name but do not actually involve electron transfer.March Jerry; (1985). Advanced Organic Chemistry reactions, mechanisms and structure (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, inc. Instead the relevant criterion for organic oxidation is gain of oxygen and/or loss of hydrogen.''Organic Redox Systems: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications'', Tohru Nishinaga 2016 Simple functional groups can be arranged in order of increasing oxidation state. The oxidation numbers are only an approximation: When methane is oxidized to carbon dioxide its oxidation number changes from −4 to +4. Classical reductions include alkene reduction to alkanes and classical oxidations include alcohol oxidation, oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. In oxidation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Updated Hooker Reaction , also known as a software update
{{disambiguation ...
Update(s) or Updated may refer to: Music * ''Update'' (Anouk album), 2004 * ''Update'' (Berlin Jazz Orchestra album), 2004 * ''Update'' (Jane Zhang album), 2007 * ''Update'' (Mal Waldron album), 1987 * ''Update'' (Yandel album), 2017 * ''Updated'' (M. Pokora album), an English-language version of ''Mise à jour'', 2011 Other uses * Update (SQL), a statement for changing database records * ''Updates'', a program broadcast by CNN Philippines * Bayesian inference, a type of reasoning also described as updating * Upgrade See also * Patch (computing) A patch is data that is intended to be used to modify an existing software resource such as a computer program, program or a computer file, file, often to fix software bug, bugs and security vulnerability, security vulnerabilities. A patch may b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decarboxylation
Decarboxylation is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide (CO2). Usually, decarboxylation refers to a reaction of carboxylic acids, removing a carbon atom from a carbon chain. The reverse process, which is the first chemical step in photosynthesis, is called carboxylation, the addition of CO2 to a compound. Enzymes that catalyze decarboxylations are called decarboxylases or, the more formal term, carboxy-lyases (Enzyme Commission number, EC number 4.1.1). In organic chemistry The term "decarboxylation" usually means replacement of a carboxyl group () with a hydrogen atom: : Decarboxylation is one of the oldest known organic reactions. It is one of the processes assumed to accompany pyrolysis and destructive distillation. Overall, decarboxylation depends upon stability of the carbanion synthon , although the anion may not be a true chemical intermediate. Typically, carboxylic acids decarboxylate slowly, but carboxylic acids with an α el ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hooker Oxidation Mechanismus-v6
Hooker may refer to: People * Hooker (surname) Places Antarctica * Mount Hooker (Antarctica) * Cape Hooker (Antarctica) * Cape Hooker (South Shetland Islands) New Zealand * Hooker River * Hooker Valley Track * Mount Hooker (New Zealand) in the Southern Alps * Hooker Glacier (New Zealand), in the Southern Alps United States * Hooker, California, an unincorporated community * Hooker, Georgia, an unincorporated community * Little Goose Creek (Kentucky), location of Hooker post office and river branch * Hooker, Missouri, a ghost town * Hooker, Ohio, an unincorporated community * Hooker, Oklahoma, a city * Hooker, South Dakota, an unincorporated community * Hooker County, Nebraska * Hooker Township, Dixon County, Nebraska * Hooker Township, Gage County, Nebraska * Hooker Dam, a proposed dam on the Gila River in New Mexico * Hooker Falls, North Carolina * Mount Hooker (Wyoming) Elsewhere * Mount Hooker (Canada), a mountain on the Continental Divide and border between British ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Reactions
Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. The basic organic chemistry reaction types are addition reactions, elimination reactions, substitution reactions, pericyclic reactions, rearrangement reactions, photochemical reactions and redox reactions. In organic synthesis, organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules. The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions. The oldest organic reactions are combustion of organic fuels and saponification of fats to make soap. Modern organic chemistry starts with the Wöhler synthesis in 1828. In the history of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry awards have been given for the invention of specific organic reactions such as the Grignard reaction in 1912, the Diels–Alder reaction in 1950, the Wittig reaction in 1979 and olefin metathesis in 2005. Classifications Organic chemistry has a strong tradition of naming a specif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Name Reactions
A name reaction (or named reaction) is a chemical reaction named after its discoverer(s) or developer(s). Among the tens of thousands of organic reactions that are known, hundreds of such reactions are typically identified by the eponym. Well-known examples include the Grignard reaction, the Sabatier reaction, the Wittig reaction, the Claisen condensation, the Friedel–Crafts acylation, and the Diels–Alder reaction. Books have been published devoted exclusively to name reactions;Alfred Hassner, C. Stumer. ''Organic syntheses based on name reactions''. Elsevier, 2002. Li, Jie Jack. ''Name Reactions: A Collection of Detailed Reaction Mechanisms''. Springer, 2003. the ''Merck Index ''The Merck Index'' is an encyclopedia of chemical substance, chemicals, pharmaceutical drug, drugs and biomolecule, biologicals with over 10,000 monographs on single substances or groups of related chemical compound, compounds published online ...'', a chemical encyclopedia, also includes an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Degradation Reactions
Degradation may refer to: Science * Degradation (geology), lowering of a fluvial surface by erosion * Degradation (telecommunications), of an electronic signal * Biodegradation of organic substances by living organisms * Environmental degradation in ecology * Land degradation, a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land * Polymer degradation, as plastics age Other * Elegant degradation, gradual rather than sudden * Graceful degradation, in a fault-tolerant system * Degradation (knighthood), revocation of knighthood * Cashiering, whereby a military officer is dismissed for misconduct * Reduction in rank, whereby a military officer is reduced to a lower rank for misconduct * Degradation, the former ceremony of defrocking a disgraced priest * ''Degradation'', a song by the Violent Femmes, from ''Add It Up (1981–1993)'' See also * ''Dégradé'', 2015 Palestinian film * Humiliation, som ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
