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Honesta Missio
The ''honesta missio'' was the honorable discharge from the military service in the Roman Empire. The status conveyed particular privileges (''praemia militiae''). Among other things, an honorably discharged legionary was paid discharge money from a treasury established by Augustus, the '' aerarium militare'', which amounted to 12,000 sesterces for the common soldier and around 600,000 sesterces for the ''primus pilus'' until the Principate of Caracalla. Specific privileges The honorably discharged legionary also presumably received a certificate after a service of approximately 20 to 26 years. Only a few, called ''tabulae honestae missionis'', have been preserved, presumably because most were made of ephemeral materials. Emperor Augustus began the practice of granting retired soldiers a benefit known as the ''missio nummaria'' which gave soldiers financial compensation. Legionaries could earn the equivalent of 10 to 13 years of their wages from this. Another benefit was a land ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Military Diploma Carnuntum 00
Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of Roman civilization *Epistle to the Romans, shortened to Romans, a letter written by Paul, found in the New Testament of the Christian Bible * Ar-Rum (), the 30th sura of the Quran. Roman or Romans may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * Romans (band), a Japanese pop group * ''Roman'' (album), by Sound Horizon, 2006 * ''Roman'' (EP), by Teen Top, 2011 *" Roman (My Dear Boy)", a 2004 single by Morning Musume Film and television *Film Roman, an American animation studio * ''Roman'' (film), a 2006 American suspense-horror film * ''Romans'' (2013 film), an Indian Malayalam comedy film * ''Romans'' (2017 film), a British drama film * ''The Romans'' (''Doctor Who''), a serial in British TV series People * Roman (given name), a given name, including a list of people and fictional characters * Roman (surnam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marriage In Ancient Rome
Marriage in ancient Rome () was a fundamental institution of society and was used by Romans primarily as a tool for marriage alliance, interfamilial alliances. The institution of Roman marriage was a practice of monogamy, marital monogamy: Roman citizens could have only one spouse at a time in marriage but were allowed to divorce and remarry. This form of prescriptively monogamous marriage that co-existed with male Polygyny, resource polygyny in Greco-Roman civilization may have arisen from the relative egalitarianism of Greek democracy, democratic and Roman Republic, republican city-states. Early Christianity embraced this ideal of monogamous marriage by adding its own teaching of monogamy, sexual monogamy, and propagating it worldwide to become an essential element in many later Western cultures. Roman marriage had Roman mythology, precedents in myth. The The Rape of the Sabine Women, abduction of the Sabine Women may reflect the archaic custom of bride abduction. Rome's Sabine n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Donativum
The ''donativum'' (plural ''donativa'') was a gift of money by the Roman emperors to the soldiers of the Roman legions or to the Praetorian Guard. The English translation is '' donative''. The purpose of the ''donativa'' varied. Some were expressions of gratitude for favors received, and others outright bribery for favours expected in return. ''Donativa'' were normally rendered at the beginning of each new emperor's reign. During the 2nd and 3rd centuries, that form of bribery became a crucial part of any successful ruler in Rome. Such was the case with many of the soldier-emperors from 235 to 248. The Praetorian Guard, intimate to the emperor's person, was an even greater threat to security. The cohorts stationed in Rome were difficult to appease and quick to assassinate. The ''donativum'' thus provided a significant way to purchase the Guard's support and loyalty. Emperor Augustus bequeathed the Praetorian Guard a substantial sum in his will, but it was not until the reign ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asterix And Caesar's Gift
''Asterix and Caesar's Gift'' is the twenty-first volume of the Asterix comic book series, by René Goscinny (stories) and Albert Uderzo (illustrations). It was the first Asterix adventure that was not published in serial form in ''Pilote'' magazine prior to its publication as a book. Synopsis Having completed twenty years of service in the Roman Army, veteran legionaries Tremensdelirius and Egganlettus await their ''honesta missio'' (Latin: honorary discharge) in the morning, but that night a drunk Tremensdelirius insults Julius Caesar and gets arrested. When Caesar is informed of Tremensdelirius's mishap, he decides to play a practical joke on him. Caesar awards a "special gift" to Tremensdelirius: Asterix's village in Armorica, the only territory of Gaul not yet conquered by the Roman legions. Tremensdelirius sees little merit in a gift he cannot drink and winds up exchanging the gift for wine and food at an inn in Arausio, owned by Orthopaedix. Orthopaedix, his wife Angina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Tattooing
Tattooing has been practiced across the globe since at least Neolithic times, as evidenced by mummified preserved skin, ancient art and the archaeological record. Both ancient art and archaeological finds of possible tattoo tools suggest tattooing was practiced by the Upper Paleolithic period in Europe. However, direct evidence for tattooing on mummified human skin extends only to the 4th millennium BC, 4th millennium BCE. The oldest discovery of tattooed human skin to date is found on the body of Ötzi the Iceman, dating to between 3370 and 3100 BCE. Other tattooed Mummy, mummies have been recovered from at least 49 archaeological sites, including locations in Greenland, Alaska, Siberia, Mongolia, western China, Japan Egypt, Sudan, the Philippines and the Andes. These include Amunet, Priestess of the Goddess Hathor from ancient Egypt (–1991 BCE), multiple mummies from Siberia including the Pazyryk culture of Russia and from several cultures throughout Pre-Columbian era, Pre-Colu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Branding
Human branding or stigmatizing is the process by which a mark, usually a symbol or ornamental pattern, is burned into the skin of a living person, with the intention of the resulting scar making it permanent. This is performed using a hot or Freeze-branding, very cold branding iron. It therefore uses the physical techniques of livestock branding on a human, either with consent as a form of body modification; or under coercion, as a punishment or to identify an slavery, enslaved, oppressed, or otherwise controlled person. It may also be practiced as a "rite of passage", e.g. within a tribe, or to signify membership of or acceptance into an organization. Etymology The English verb "to burn", attested since the 12th century, is a combination of Old Norse ''brenna'' "to burn, light", and two originally distinct Old English verbs: ''bærnan'' "to kindle" (transitive) and ''beornan'' "to be on fire" (intransitive), both from the Proto-Germanic root ''bren(wanan)'', perhaps from a Proto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Evocatus
An ''evocatus'' (: ''evocati'') was a soldier in the Ancient Roman army who had served out his time and obtained an honorable discharge (''honesta missio'') but had voluntarily enlisted again at the invitation of the Roman consul, consul or other commander. Significance and tasks There always existed a considerable number of evocati in every army of importance, and when the general was a favorite among the soldiers, the number of veterans who joined his standard naturally increased. The evocati were officially released, like the ''Vexillatio, vexillarii'', from common military duties such as fortifying the camp and making roads. Ranking Evocati held a higher rank in the army than common legionary soldiers and are sometimes written of in conjunction with the ''equestrian (Roman), equites Romani,'' and sometimes classed with the centurions. Evocati appear to have been frequently promoted to the rank of centurion and were customarily entitled to bear the vine staff and discipline f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanization (cultural)
Romanization or Latinization (Romanisation or Latinisation), in the historical and cultural meanings of both terms, indicate different historical processes, such as acculturation, integration and assimilation of newly incorporated and peripheral populations by the Roman Republic and the later Roman Empire. The terms were used in ancient Roman historiography and traditional Italian historiography until the Fascist period, when the various processes were called the " civilizing of barbarians". Characteristics Acculturation proceeded from the top down, with the upper classes adopting Roman culture first and the old ways lingering longest among peasants in outlying countryside and rural areas. Hostages played an important part in this process, as elite children, from Mauretania to Gaul, were taken to be raised and educated in Rome. Ancient Roman historiography and traditional Italian historiography confidently identified the different processes involved with a "civilization of b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hellenization
Hellenization or Hellenification is the adoption of Greek culture, religion, language, and identity by non-Greeks. In the ancient period, colonisation often led to the Hellenisation of indigenous people in the Hellenistic period, many of the territories which were conquered by Alexander the Great were Hellenized. Etymology The first known use of a verb that means "to Hellenize" was in Greek (ἑλληνίζειν) and by Thucydides (5th century BC), who wrote that the Amphilochian Argives were Hellenised as to their language by the Ambraciots, which shows that the word perhaps already referred to more than language.. The similar word Hellenism, which is often used as a synonym, is used in 2 Maccabees (c. 124 BC) and the Book of Acts (c. AD 80–90) to refer to clearly much more than language, though it is disputed what that may have entailed. Background Historical By the 4th century BC, the process of Hellenization had started in southwestern Anatolia's Lycia, Cari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Honestiores And Humiliores
In the later Roman Empire, ''honestiores'' and ''humiliores'' emerged as two broad distinctions of social and legal status, those who had held the higher offices ''( honores)'' and humbler people. The division starts to become apparent near the end of the 2nd century AD.Ville Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World," ''Ancient Society'' 33 (2003), p. 191. Those of senatorial and equestrian rank and those who had held an office at the level of decurion or higher possessed greater honors and therefore were ''honestiores''. They made up around 1% of the Roman population. ''Humiliores'' were any free persons who held Roman citizenship without having achieved the privileges of higher office, including ordinary working people, freedmen ''(liberti)'', ''peregrini'' (free non-citizens who lived within the empire), tenant farmers, and '' coloni''. The granting of universal citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire in AD 212 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Veteran
A veteran () is a person who has significant experience (and is usually adept and esteemed) and expertise in an job, occupation or Craft, field. A military veteran is a person who is no longer serving in the military, armed forces. A topic of interest for researchers has been the health of military personnel after leaving the military, particularly those who served in combat areas. This concern stems from veterans in countries like the US and Australia, being disproportionately over-represented in psychological and substance abuse disorders relative to the general population. In Australia, the Department of Veterans' Affairs (Australia), Department of Veterans' Affairs provides a Proactivity, proactive service to address 'real life' health care problems in the veteran community. Public attitude towards veterans Military veterans often receive special treatment in their respective countries. War veterans are generally treated with great respect and honour, although negative ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Military Diploma
A Roman military diploma was a document inscribed in bronze certifying that the holder was honourably discharged from the Roman armed forces and/or had received the grant of Roman citizenship from the emperor as reward for service. The diploma was a notarised copy of an original ''constitutio'' (decree) issued by the emperor in Rome, listing by regiment (or unit) the eligible veterans. The ''constitutio'', recorded on a large bronze plate, was lodged in the military archive at Rome (none such has been found; presumably they were melted down in later times). History Diplomas were issued during the Principate period (52–284 AD) to retiring veterans who had served in those corps of the Roman armed forces which enlisted ''peregrini'', that is, inhabitants of the Roman empire who were not Roman citizens (the vast majority of the empire's population in the 1st and 2nd centuries). Such corps were: the ; Roman navy, the Praetorian Guard's cavalry (''equites singulares Augusti''); ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
