|
Holzwarth Gas Turbine
The Holzwarth gas turbine is a form of explosion, or constant volume, gas turbine where an air–fuel mixture is admitted, ignited and then exhausted from combustion chambers controlled by valves. The Holzwarth gas turbine is named after its developer Hans Holzwarth (1877–1953) who designed several prototype engines used for testing and experimental service in Germany and Switzerland between 1908 and 1943. Early efforts to build practical gas turbines struggled with the low efficiency of contemporary turbo compressors as these consumed almost all of the energy supplied by the turbine. In a Holzwarth gas turbine, high compressor efficiency is not needed since almost all the pressure rise takes place in sealed combustion chambers. The drawback of this approach is the high heat losses to the surrounding water jacket and correspondingly low cycle efficiency. The last and largest Holzwarth gas turbine was a unit supplied to the Thyssen steelworks in Hamborn during 1938. The tu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Körting Hannover
Körting Hannover AG (previously Körting Brothers AG) is a long-standing industrial engineering company in Hanover. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, the company played a leading role in the development of steam injectors in Germany and Europe. Körting still produces pump and pump-based vacuum technology, but also industrial burners and machinery related to thermal and chemical purification/transformation processes. History The Körting Brothers company was founded in Hanover on 1 November 1871 by the brothers Berthold and Ernst Körting. The brothers rented a small office and small space in the backyard of the present day 13 Joachimstrasse near Hanover Central Station. Berthold took charge of the commercial side, while Ernst specialized in the technical side. The brothers started successfully with the development and patenting of one of the first functioning injectors. In the beginning, only two workmen were employed. Due to the ever-increasing ord ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hanover
Hanover ( ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the States of Germany, German state of Lower Saxony. Its population of 535,932 (2021) makes it the List of cities in Germany by population, 13th-largest city in Germany as well as the fourth-largest in northern Germany after Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen. Hanover's urban area comprises the towns of Garbsen, Langenhagen and Laatzen and has a population of about 791,000 (2018). The Hanover Region has approximately 1.16 million inhabitants (2019) and is the largest in the Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region, Hanover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region, the List of EU metropolitan areas by GDP, 17th biggest metropolitan area by GDP in the European Union. Before it became the capital of Lower Saxony in 1946, Hanover was the capital of the Principality of Calenberg (1636–1692), the Electorate of Hanover (1692–1814), the Kingdom of Hanover (1814–1866), the Province of Hannove ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mannheim
Mannheim (; Palatine German language, Palatine German: or ), officially the University City of Mannheim (), is the List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population, second-largest city in Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart, the States of Germany, state capital, and Germany's List of cities in Germany by population, 21st-largest city, with a population of over 315,000. It is located at the border with Rhineland-Palatinate. The city is the cultural and economic centre of the Rhine-Neckar, Germany's Metropolitan regions in Germany, seventh-largest metropolitan region, with nearly 2.4 million inhabitants. Mannheim is located at the confluence of the Upper Rhine and the Neckar in the Kurpfalz (region), Kurpfalz (Electoral Palatinate) region of northwestern Baden-Württemberg. The city lies in the Upper Rhine Plain, Germany's warmest region, between the Palatine Forest and the Oden Forest. Mannheim forms a continuous urban zone of around 500,000 inhabitants with Ludwigshafen am Rhe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blast Furnace Gas
Blast furnace gas (BFG) is a by-product of blast furnaces that is generated when the iron ore is redox, reduced with coke (fuel), coke to metallic iron. It has a very low heating value, about 3.5 MJ/m3 (93 BTU/cu.ft), because it consists of about 51 vol% nitrogen and 22 vol% carbon dioxide, which are not flammable. The rest amounts to around 22 vol% carbon monoxide, which has a fairly low heating value already and 5 vol% hydrogen. Per ton of steel produced via the blast furnace route, 2.5 to 3.5 tons of blast furnace gas is produced. It is commonly used as a fuel within the steel works, but it can be used in boilers and power plants equipped to burn it. It may be combined with natural gas or coke oven gas before combustion or a flame support with richer gas or oil is provided to sustain combustion. Atmospheric particulate matter, Particulate matter is removed so that it can be burned more cleanly. Blast furnace gas is sometimes gas flare, flared without generating heat o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fuel Oil
Fuel oil is any of various fractions obtained from the distillation of petroleum (crude oil). Such oils include distillates (the lighter fractions) and residues (the heavier fractions). Fuel oils include heavy fuel oil (bunker fuel), marine fuel oil (MFO), furnace oil (FO), gas oil (gasoil), heating oils (such as home heating oil), diesel fuel, and others. The term ''fuel oil'' generally includes any liquid fuel that is burned in a furnace or boiler to generate heat ( heating oils), or used in an engine to generate power (as motor fuels). However, it does not usually include other liquid oils, such as those with a flash point of approximately , or oils burned in cotton- or wool-wick burners. In a stricter sense, ''fuel oil'' refers only to the heaviest commercial fuels that crude oil can yield, that is, those fuels heavier than gasoline (petrol) and naphtha. Fuel oil consists of long-chain hydrocarbons, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics. Small molecul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Velox Boiler
A Velox boiler is a turbocharged, forced circulation, water-tube boiler which utilises an axial flow compressor and a gas turbine. Velox (Latin: "fast") boilers, also known as Velox steam generators, were developed in the early 1930s by the Brown Boveri Company (BBC) of Switzerland. Velox boilers were the first commercially available machines to make use of axial compressors and played a pivotal role in the later development of BBC’s industrial gas turbines. Design Velox principle From Brown Boveri Review Working In a Velox steam generator used for electrical generation, flue gases from the combustion chamber are used to turn a gas turbine which is connected to a compressor which together make up the charging set. The compressor increases the flow of hot air which increases the rate of heat transfer to the water in the boiler tubes causing more steam to generate. The steam is used to turn a steam turbine which is coupled to an electrical generator. The combustion cham ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aurel Stodola
Aurel Boleslav Stodola (11 May 1859 – 25 December 1942) was a Slovak engineer, physicist, and inventor. He was a pioneer in the area of technical thermodynamics and its applications and published his book ''Die Dampfturbine'' (the steam turbine) in 1903. In addition to the thermodynamic issues involved in turbine design the book discussed aspects of fluid flow, vibration, stress analysis of plates, shells and rotating discs and stress concentrations at holes and fillets. Stodola was a professor of mechanical engineering at the Swiss Polytechnical Institute (now ETH) in Zurich. He maintained friendly contact with Albert Einstein. In 1892, Stodola founded the Laboratory for Energy Conversion. Biography Aurel Stodola was born in Vrbica-Hušták (now a part of region Liptovský Mikuláš), in the Kingdom of Hungary (now in Slovakia) on 11 May 1859. His father Ondrej Stodola was a leather manufacturer. His mother was Anna (born Kováčová). He was baptized as Aurel Bohuslav, bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coal Dust
Coal dust is a fine-powdered form of coal which is created by the crushing, grinding, or pulverizer, pulverization of coal rock. Because of the brittle nature of coal, coal dust can be created by mining, transporting, or mechanically handling it. Grinding or pulverizing coal to a dust form before combusting it improves the speed and efficiency of burning, which makes the coal easier to handle. However, coal dust is dangerous goods, hazardous to workers if it is suspended in air outside the controlled environment of grinding and combustion equipment. It poses the acute hazard of forming an explosive mixture in air and the chronic hazard of causing pulmonary illness in people who inhale excessive quantities of it. The distribution of the particle-size of coal dust is frequently measured in Mesh (scale), mesh. The British slang term for cheap fuel consisting of coal dust (slack) containing small lumps of coal (nuts) is wikt:nutty slack, nutty slack. Energy generation For use in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prussian State Railways
The term Prussian state railways (German: ''Preußische Staatseisenbahnen'') encompasses those railway organisations that were owned or managed by the state of Prussia. The words "state railways" are not capitalized because Prussia did not have an independent railway administration; rather the individual railway organisations were under the control of the Ministry for Trade and Commerce or its later offshoot, the Ministry for Public Works. The official name of the Prussian rail network was ''Königlich Preußische Staatseisenbahnen'' (K.P.St.E., "Royal Prussian State Railways") until 1896, ''Königlich Preußische und Großherzoglich Hessische Staatseisenbahn'' (K.P.u.G.H.St.E., "Prussian-Hessian Railway Company, Royal Prussian and Grand-Ducal Hessian State Railways") until the end of the First World War, and ''Preußische Staatsbahn'' (P.St.B., "Prussian State Railway") until its nationalization in 1920. A common mistake is the use of the abbreviation K.P.E.V. in supposed refere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armengaud-Lemale Gas Turbine
The Armengaud-Lemale gas turbine was an early experimental turbine engine built by the ''Société Anonyme des Turbomoteurs'' at their facility in Saint-Denis, Paris during 1906. The machine is named after the society's founders, Rene Armengaud and Charles Lemale. The 1906 Armengaud-Lemale gas turbine could sustain its own air compression but was too inefficient to produce useful work. Although it was unsuccessful as a gas turbine, the combustion chamber design from the 1906 machine was later used successfully in torpedo engines. Design and development In 1901, Charles Lemale obtained a patent for a gas turbine and in 1903 he founded the ''Société Anonyme des Turbomoteurs'' with Rene Armengaud. The society proposed a number of new technologies including hollow turbine blades, combustion reheat and compressor stage inter-cooling. In 1904 the society built a small proof of concept gas turbine. Air was supplied to an oil fueled combustion chamber by a centrifugal compressor at a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spark-ignition Engine
A spark-ignition engine (SI engine) is an internal combustion engine, generally a petrol engine, where the combustion process of the air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark from a spark plug. This is in contrast to compression-ignition engines, typically diesel engines, where the heat generated from compression ratio, compression together with the injection of fuel is enough to initiate the combustion process, without needing any external spark. Fuels Spark-ignition engines are commonly referred to as "gasoline engines" in North America, and "petrol engines" in Britain and the rest of the world. Spark-ignition engines can (and increasingly are) run on fuels other than gasoline, petrol/gasoline, such as autogas (Liquefied petroleum gas, LPG), methanol, ethanol, bioethanol, compressed natural gas (CNG), hydrogen, and (in drag racing) nitromethane. Working cycle The working cycle of both spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines may be either two-stroke cycle, two-stroke or fou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otto Cycle
An Otto cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle that describes the functioning of a typical spark ignition piston engine. It is the thermodynamic cycle most commonly found in automobile engines. The Otto cycle is a description of what happens to a gas as it is subjected to changes of pressure, temperature, volume, addition of heat, and removal of heat. The gas that is subjected to those changes is called the system. The system, in this case, is defined to be the fluid (gas) within the cylinder. Conversely, by describing the changes that take place within the system it also describes the system's effect on the environment. The purpose of the Otto cycle is to study the production of net work from the system that can propel a vehicle and its occupants in the environment. The Otto cycle is constructed from: :Top and bottom of the loop: a pair of quasi-parallel and isentropic processes (frictionless, adiabatic reversible). :Left and right sides of the loop: a pair of parallel i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
