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History Of Savoy From 1860 To 1914
The History of Savoy from 1860 to 1914 covers the period when the former Duchy of Savoy joined the French nation. This followed the signing of the Treaty of Turin (1860), Treaty of Turin in March and the plebiscite of April; Savoy officially became part of France on June 14, 1860. This transition to French authority occurred without difficulties. Although some tensions arose in the aftermath of the annexation, the Savoyard state, Savoyards did not appear to question the decision made by their princes—even on the eve of World War I. Beyond administrative integration, the people of Savoy had to face—both economically and culturally—the changes brought about by the industrial transformations of the late 19th century. Under the Second Empire On June 14, 1860, the Duchy of Savoie officially joined the French Empire. On June 15, it was divided into two departments: Savoie and Haute-Savoie. From August 27 to September 5, the imperial couple made a journey through the Savoyard la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duchy Of Savoy
The Duchy of Savoy (; ) was a territorial entity of the Savoyard state that existed from 1416 until 1847 and was a possession of the House of Savoy. It was created when Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, raised the County of Savoy into a duchy for Amadeus VIII. The duchy was an Imperial fief, subject of the Holy Roman Empire, until 1792, with a vote in the Imperial Diet. From the 16th century, Savoy belonged to the Upper Rhenish Circle. Its territory included the current French departments of Savoie, Haute-Savoie, and the Alpes-Maritimes, the current Italian region of Aosta Valley, a large part of Piedmont and the County of Geneva in Switzerland, which was then lost to the Old Swiss Confederacy. The main Vulgar languages that were spoken within the Duchy of Savoy were Piedmontese and Arpitan. Terminology The Duchy of Savoy was the central and most prominent of the territories possessed by the House of Savoy, and hence this title was and still is used often to indicate th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mer De Glace
The Mer de Glace (, ) is a valley glacier located on the northern slopes of the Mont Blanc massif, in the French Alps. It is 7.5 km long and deep but, when all its tributary glaciers are taken into account, it can be regarded as the longest and largest glacier in France, and the second longest in the Alps after the Aletsch Glacier. Geography The glacier lies above the Chamonix valley. The pressure within the ice is known to reach at least 30 atmospheres. The Mer de Glace can be considered as originating at an elevation of , just north of the , where it is formed by the confluence of the and the . The former is fed by the , whilst the latter is, in turn, fed by the Glacier des Périardes, the vast Glacier du Géant and the broad icefields of the . The Glacier du Tacul supplies much more ice than the Glacier de Leschaux. However, if the Mer de Glace is considered in its broadest sense (i.e. from source to tongue), it is a compound valley glacier, gaining ice from snowf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prefect (France)
A prefect (, plural , both ) in France is the State's representative in a Departments of France, department or Regions of France, region. Regional prefects are ''ex officio'' the departmental prefects of the regional Prefectures in France, prefecture. Prefects are tasked with upholding the law in the department they serve in, including controlling the actions of local authorities. Prefects are appointed by decree by the President of France when presiding over the Government of France, government's Council of Ministers, following a proposal by the Prime Minister of France, Prime Minister and the Minister of the Interior (France), Minister of the Interior. They serve at the government's discretion and can be replaced at any meeting of the Council of Ministers. To uphold the law, they are authorised to undertake a wide variety of actions, such as coordinating police forces, enforcing immigration rules, controlling authorities' finances, as well as suing local collectivities in the na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mayor
In many countries, a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a Municipal corporation, municipal government such as that of a city or a town. Worldwide, there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilities of a mayor as well as the means by which a mayor is elected or otherwise mandated. Depending on the system chosen, a mayor may be the chief executive officer of the municipal government, may simply chair a multi-member governing body with little or no independent power, or may play a solely ceremonial role. A mayor's duties and responsibilities may be to appoint and oversee municipal managers and employees, provide basic governmental services to constituents, and execute the laws and ordinances passed by a municipal governing body (or mandated by a state, territorial or national governing body). Options for selection of a mayor include direct election by the public, or selection by an elected governing council or board. The term ''mayor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1st Infantry Regiment "San Giusto"
The 1st Infantry Regiment "San Giusto" () is an inactive unit of the Italian Army last based in Trieste. Founded in 1624 as Regiment "Fleury" the regiment is part of the Italian army's infantry arm. History The 1st Infantry Regiment "San Giusto" is the oldest regiment of the Italian Army, dating back to 1624 when the Marquis Trivier de Fleury established the Regiment "Fleury" with French troops for service in the army of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy. The regiment consisted of 15 companies with 100 men each and fought in 1628 in the War of the Mantuan Succession. The regiment served in all the wars of the Savoyard state until 1798 when it was disbanded due to Revolutionary France occupying Piedmont and forcing Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia to abdicate the throne in favor of the Piedmontese Republic. The regiment was reformed in early 1800 as Regiment "Savoia" to fight against the French in the War of the Second Coalition, but after the Austrian defeat on 14 June 1800 at t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Victor Emmanuel II
Victor Emmanuel II (; full name: ''Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso di Savoia''; 14 March 1820 – 9 January 1878) was King of Sardinia (also informally known as Piedmont–Sardinia) from 23 March 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title of King of Italy and became the first king of an independent, united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878. Borrowing from the old Latin title '' Pater Patriae'' of the Roman emperors, the Italians gave him the epithet of " Father of the Fatherland" (). Born in Turin as the eldest son of Charles Albert, Prince of Carignano, and Maria Theresa of Austria, Victor Emmanuel fought in the First Italian War of Independence (1848–1849) before being made King of Sardinia following his father's abdication. He appointed Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, as his Prime Minister, and he consolidated his position by suppressing the republican left. In 1855, he sent an expeditionary corps to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Italian War Of Independence
The Second Italian War of Independence, also called the Sardinian War, the Austro-Sardinian War, the Franco-Austrian War, or the Italian War of 1859 (Italian: ''Seconda guerra d'indipendenza italiana''; German: ''Sardinischer Krieg''; French: ''Campagne d'Italie''), was fought by the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861), Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire in 1859 and played a crucial part in the process of Italian Unification. A year prior to the war, in the Plombières Agreement, France agreed to support Sardinia's efforts to expel Austria from Italy in return for territorial compensation in the form of the Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice. The two states signed a military alliance in January 1859. Sardinia mobilised its army on 9 March 1859, and Austria mobilized on 9 April. On 23 April, Austria delivered an ultimatum to Sardinia demanding its demobilization. Upon Sardinia's refusal, the war began on 26 April. Austria invaded Sardin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Court Of Cassation (France)
The Court of Cassation (, ) is the supreme court for civil and criminal cases in France. It is France's highest court. It is one of the country's four superior courts, along with the Conseil d'État (France), Council of State, the Constitutional Council (France), Constitutional Council and the Tribunal des conflits, Jurisdictional Disputes Tribunal. It primarily hears appeals against the decisions of Cour d'assises, courts of assizes and Court of appeal (France), courts of appeal (appeals-in-cassation). The Court only reviews questions of law (but not questions of fact) and bears ultimate responsibility for a uniform interpretation and application of statutory law throughout France. It also filters out appeals challenging the constitutionality of statutes before forwarding them to the Counstitutional Council, reviews lower court verdicts on request of the European Court of Human Rights and hears several other types of cases. The Court is organized into three civil chambers, a c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Court Of Appeal (France)
In France, a ''cour d'appel'' (; court of appeal) of the ''ordre judiciaire'' (judiciary) is a ''juridiction de droit commun du second degré'', an appellate court of general jurisdiction. It reviews the judgments of a ''tribunal judiciaire''. When one of the parties is not satisfied with the trial court's judgment, the party can file an appeal. While decisions of a court of first instance are termed "jugements" in French, a court of appeal hands down an ''arrêt'' (decision on appeal), which may either affirm or reverse the judgment of the court below. An ''arrêt'' (judgment) of the court of appeal may be further appealed ''en cassation''. If the appeal is admissible at the ''cour de cassation'', that court does not re-judge the facts of the matter a third time, but may investigate and verify whether the rules of law were properly applied by the lower courts. French territories currently contain 36 courts of appeal, six of which are overseas, and a ''tribunal supérieur d'appel'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Keeper Of The Seals, Minister Of Justice
Minister of Justice (), formally known as Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice (''Garde des Sceaux, ministre de la Justice''), is a cabinet position in the Government of France. The current minister of justice has been Gérald Darmanin since 2024. The ministry is headquartered on Place Vendôme in the 1st arrondissement of Paris. Function The roles of the minister are to: * oversee the building, maintenance and administration of courts; * sit as vice president of the Judicial Council (which oversees the judicial performance and advises on prosecutiorial performance); * supervise public prosecutions; * direct corrections and the prison system * propose legislation affecting civil or criminal law or procedure. The Minister of Justice also holds the ceremonial office of Keeper of the Seals of France and is custodian of the Great Seal of France. This symbolic role is still shown in the order of words of the minister's official designation, Minister of Justice, Keeper of the Sea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Court Of Appeal Of Chambéry
The Court of Appeal of Chambéry is a French court based in the capital of the Savoie department. It hears cases heard by the courts within its jurisdiction, which covers the departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie. Headquarters The court sits in the Chambéry courthouse, a vast quadrilateral between the Place du Palais de Justice and the Parc du Verney, built between 1850 and 1860 in a neo-classical style. The building also houses other courts, such as the tribunal de grande instance. History In 1848, the Senate of Savoie, whose origins date back to 1329, became a court of appeal, which was retained in the imperial judicial organization when Savoie was annexed to France in 1860. The maintenance of this court was linked to the conditions for the annexation of Savoie laid down in the agreements appended to the Treaty of Turin. On April 29, 1860, the Court of Appeal proclaimed the results of a plebiscite in which 130,533 Savoyards voted against 235 in favor of reuniting the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles Costa De Beauregard
Charles-Albert-Marie Costa, Marquis de Beauregard (24 May 1835 – 15 February 1909) was a French historian and politician. He also fought in the Franco-Prussian War. His works include a trilogy on Charles Albert of Sardinia. Early life Costa de Beauregard was born at La Motte-Servolex on 24 May 1835. He was the eldest son of Louis Marie Pantaleon Costa, Marquis de Beauregard (1806–1864) and the former Marthe Augustine de Saint-Georges de Vérac, who married in 1834. His brother was Gabriel-Marie-Paul, Count Costa de Beauregard (who married their cousin Marie-Pauline Herminie de Rougé). His paternal grandparents were Victor Costa de Beauregard and Elisabeth de Quinson. His maternal grandparents were Olivier de Saint-Georges de Vérac, Marquis de Vérac (a ''maréchal de camp'' and Governor of the Château de Versailles) and Euphémie de Noailles (a daughter of Louis Marc Antoine de Noailles, Viscount of Noailles). He was a great-grandson of Joseph Henry Costa de B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
